1、Determining the 7 c Concentration of Particulate Matter in a Gas Stream ASME PTCm38 80 0757670 0053805 6 W Determining the Concentration of Particulate Matter in a Gas Stream ANSI/ASME PTC 38 -1980 PERFORMANCE TEST CODES THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Unifed Engineering Center 345 East
2、 47th Street New York, N.V. 10017 “-I F 1 “ DATE OF ISSUANCE: November 7,1980 No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwis, without the prior written permission of the publisher Copyright 1980 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All R
3、ights Reserved Printed in U.S.A. ASME PTC*38 80 W 0757b70 0053807 T m FOREWORD The first of the ASME Power Test Codes related to the abatement of atmospheric pollution was published in 1941 - PTC 21, “Dust-Separating Apparatus.” That Code has served for many years as a basic guide for evaluating the
4、 performance of apparatus designed for the removal of particulate matter from combustion process flue gases. Experience with thatcode identified a difficult measuring problem, a procedure for measuring the concentration of particulate matter in a gas stream. As recognized by those who have had exper
5、ience with measurements of this type, this involves many practical difficulties. In an effort to alleviate many ofthese difficulties, the ASME published a Test Code concerned with this subject in 1957 - PTC 27, “Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream.” That Code, along with the earlier Code,
6、 has served until very recently as the accepted basic guide for both the performance evaluation of particulate re- moval apparatus and the determination of particulate matter in stack gas emissions for the con- trol of air pollution and the assurance of compliance with applicable governmental emissi
7、on control regulations, However, over the years, with the changes in particulate removal technology, such as the great increase in the physical size of much of the apparatus and the gas flows involved, along with the increasing interest in very small particles and the need for accurately measuring m
8、uch lower particulate matter concentrations, it became apparent that both PTC 21 and PTC 27 were not fully adequate for all the purposes to which they were being applied. Realizing that the various physical and chemical properties of the particulate matter involved were usually a major factor in the
9、 performance of the apparatus designed and installed for its removal, the ASME published a Code on this subject in 1965 - PTC 28, “Determining the Properties of Fine Partic- ulate Matter.” That Code has become the accepted guide for characterizing the properties of the particulate matter for meeting
10、 most of theneeds in this area of concern. With the increasing public concern in the early 1970s for environmental improvement, and in particular air pollution control, new problems became apparent. Many regulatory agen- cies in all levels of government either issued their own new test procedures fo
11、r the measurement of particulate matter in stack gases or adopted various test procedures developed by other or- ganizations and often mandated their use for regulatory purposes. Many of these test proce- dures were later found to be unsuitable, both as to the practicability of their use in the fiel
12、d and the validity of the test data which they produced. A major source of uncertainty in most of these test procedures was the fact that, in addition to measuring the particulate matter actually present in the gas stream, the test apparatus involved also converted certain gaseous compo- nents of th
13、e gas stream to substances which were collected, measured, and reported as “particu- late matter.” This situation led to serious problems in the establishment of valid criteria for evaluating the performance of emission control apparatus for operational, commercial, and regulatory purposes. In an ef
14、fort to eliminate as many of these problems as possible, ASME Performance Test Code Committee 38 was organized in 1972 and given the task of developing test codes for the measurement of fine particulate matter which would employ the best practical techniques of currently known technology to meet the
15、 increasingly stringent requirements of those air pollu- . 111 P ASME PTC*38 80 m 0757b70 0053808 L m tion abatement activities concerned with the control of particulate emissions resulting from combustion processes. This Test Code is the result of several years of intensive effort by that Committee
16、, with the cooperation and assistance of other organizations, to evaluate the problems involved and the technology available for accurately determining the concentration of particulate matter in a gas stream by practicable means. Complete solutions to all problems involved in this complex field of t
17、esting cannot be provided in a generalized Code. However, this Code is believed to be the best compendium of data and guidelines available for this purpose and it covers the vast majority of cases encountered. If properly used, it will provide the most valid test results possible. PTC 38 on Determin
18、ing the Concentration of Particulate Matter supersedes PTC 27 on Defermining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream and should be used in conjunction with the revised PTC 21 on Dust Separating Apparatus. This Code was approved by the Performance Test Codes Supervisory Committee on March 20, 1980. It was
19、 approved by ANSI as an American National Standard on May 15, 1980. ASME PTC*38 BO m 0757670 0053804 3 W PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE NO. 38 ON MEASUREMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER W. A. Crandall, Chairman J. D. Sensenbaugh, Secretary W. E. Barkovitz, former Project Manager, Air Qu
20、ality Division, American Standard, lncorpo- rated, (Retired), Detroit, Michigan 48232 R. O. Blosser, Project Planning, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Steam Im- provement, Incorporated, 260 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 1 O01 6 J. O. Burckle, Office of Air Programs, U.S. Envi
21、ronmental Protection Agency, IER Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27721 D. Campbell, Manager, Energy Utilization Division, PSE7.59670 0053810 T - A. A. Peterson, Manager of Physical Studies, UOP-Air Correction Division, Tokeneke Road, A. L. Plumley, Manager-Chemical Process Consult
22、ant, Combustion Engineering, Incorporated, J. D. Sensenbaugh, Manager, Chicago Environmental Control, Kaiser Engineers, Incorporated, E. P. Stastny, Manager, International Development, Environmental .Elements Corporation, P.O. C. J. Stillwagon, Results Engineer, Babcock : square meters square meters
23、 square meters cubic meters 2.832 cubic meters 3.785 cubic meters 1 .ooo cubic meters 1 .ooo m meter m/s meters per second 4s meters per second 4s meters per second m3/s m3/s cubic meters per second 4.720 cubic meters per second 6.308 kg/s kilograms per second kg/s kilograms per second OC “C “C “C d
24、egreees Celsius degrees Celsius degrees Celsius degrees Celsius SI Units Conversion Factors Name of Unit Conventional to SI 2.540 E-02 3.048 E-01 1.000 E-03 1 .ooo E-02 4.536 E-01 9.072 E+02 6.480 E-OS 1.000 E-03 1 .ooo 6.000 3.6 E+OO E+Ol E+03 9807 E+OO 9807 E+OO E+OO E-01 E+OO E-02 6.452 E-04 9.29
25、0 E-02 1 .ooo E-04 E- 02 E-03 E-03 E-06 1 .ooo E-06 3.048 E-01 2.540 E-02 1.000 E-02 E-04 E-OS 1.260 E-04 7.560 E-03 a F - 32/l .8 R/l .8 1.000 OK- 273.15 Term Temperature Interval Pressure CA Density Viscosity Concentration Energy, thermal Energy, electrical Electrical Power Table 2-1 TABLE OF TERM
26、S (Contd) Symbol AT P P 7) Cone HV KWH W Description Temperature difference Pressure, gas or liquid Density of material Viscosity, gas or liquid Weight of material in volume of gas or liquid Heating value of fuel Electrical energy Electrical power Conventiotial Units Units OF OC I b/in. in. H, 0 in.
27、 Hg mm Hg Atm bar Ib/ft” I b/gal gm/cm poise I b/ft3 I b/gal gm/cm3 Btu Cal. kWhr W Name of Unit degrees Fahrenheit degrees Centigrade pounds per square inch inches water gage inches Hg manometer millimeters Hg manometer Atmospheres bars pounds per cubic foot pounds per gallon grams per cubic centim
28、eter poise pounds per cubic foot pounds per gallon milligrams per cubic meter British Thermal Unit calorie kilowatt hour watt T Units “C “C Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa P J,orN.m J,or N*m J,or N-m W, or J/s SI Units Name of Unit degrees Celsius degrees Celsius Pascals, (N/m”) Pascals, (N/m) Pascals, (N/m) Pasc
29、als, (N/m”) Pascals, (N/m) Pascals, (N/m) kilograms per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter poise, (0.1 Pa * 5) kilograms per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter kilograms per cbuic meter Joule or Newton meter Joule or Newton meter Joule or Newton meter Watts or Joules
30、per second Conversion Factors Conventional to SI 5.556 E-01 1.000 E-00 6.895 E+03 2.491 E+02 3.387 E+03 1.333 E+02 1.014 E+05 1 .ooo E+05 1.602 ,E+Ol 1.198 E+O2 1 .ooo E-03 1 .ooo E+OO 1.602 E+Ol 1.198 E-I.02 1.000 E-06 1.055 E+03 4.186 E+OO 3.600 E+06 1 .ooo E+OO .ASME PTC*38 80 SPI 0757670 0053837
31、 6 m SECTION 2 spect to the basic system of units and their use. A thor- ough understanding of all the material contained in ASME Guide SI-1 is essential to the proper use of the SI System. 2.45 To maximize the usefulness and applicability of test results in the future, it is recommended that all te
32、st results be reported, whenever possible, in SI Units as well as in the system of units originally deemed applicable for the specific test(s) involved. 2.5 TABLE OF TERMS 2.51 Table 2-1 contains a listing of the terminology and nomenclature used generally throughout the Code. Con- version factors a
33、re provided for conversion of the stated units of measurement to the SI System of Units. 2.52 Where the need for different systems of nomencla- ture exists within the Code to define unique test param- eters, the required nomenclature is listed in Tables accom- panying the calculation procedures invo
34、lved. Provisions have been made for conversion of the units used to the SI System. This Table contains a listing of the terms commonly used in the measurement of the concentration of particu- late matter in a gas stream. The units of measurement given are those in general use at the time this Code w
35、as ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 written. The appropriate SI units of measurements, to be substituted for the given units, are also given along with conversion factors for converting from the conventional units to the SI units of measurement. In actual practice, these termsare usually used with subscripts
36、 in formulae, graphs, and calculations to indicate their sepcific meaning for particular usage situations. The nature of the subscripts may vary greatly, depending on the source of the publication and the nature of the mea- surements involved. Hence, no standardized system for subscripts is included
37、 in this Code. Whenever subscripts are used, however, their meanings should be clearly indi- cated. Note I: The column of Conversion Factors contains, on the left, the numerical value to be used in exponential notation and, on the right, the exponent for a base of 10. For example: 2.540 E - 02 signi
38、fies that the factor is 2.540 x or 0.0254. Note 2: While it is realized that the term “mass” is more strictly correct than the term “weight” when re- forming to such units of measurement as pounds mass, kilograms, grains, etc., the more commonly used term “weight” is used frequently in this Code to
39、avoid confu- sion for those using it who are much more familir with the generally used term for this parameter. This does not pre- clude the desirable practice of using the term “mass” vice “weight” whenever practicable and understandable. 6 f“ ”Ai . - ” ASME PTC*w38 BO W 0759670 0053820 2 m SECTION
40、 3 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3.1 ITEMS OF AGREEMENT 3.11 Where the purpose of a test involves the interests of two or more parties, an agreement must be formulated in advance of testing. The following is a checklist of pertinent items upon which agreement should be reached by the parties to the test: (a)
41、 The object or objects of the test (see paragraph (b) Date and time of the test. (c) The number, type, and location of sample trains and other instruments where alternates are permitted (see paragraphs 3.51 and 3.53) and the test procedures to be employed in their use. 1 .I). (d) Number and location
42、 of all sampling points. (e) Method of determining and maintaining constancy of process conditions during the test (see paragraph 3.54). (f) Gas flow rates in the duct(s) or stack to be tested. (g) Method of determining total gas flow; whether by combustion calculations, by process calculations, or
43、by velocity head measurements (see paragraph 3.52). (h) Number and duration of runs (see paragraph 3.55). (i) Duration of steady state operation before sampling is commenced (see paragraph 3.54) and, in the case of new or modified installations, the minimal “shakedown” operational period required pr
44、ior to testing. (j) Designation of the procedures for making calibra- tions, weighings, and other appropriate measurements, and selection of the laboratories for carrying out various test procedures. (k) Maximum deviations of test measurements and conditions between replicate runs that will be accep
45、table, and the requirements for additional runs where their de- viations are exceeded. 3.12 During actual site testing, the method of determin- ing the particulate matter concentration of gases must be adapted to the conditions of constructions and operation encountered in each particular case. Unfo
46、rtunately, ideal conditions are seldom found in field testing. Therefore, the parties to the test should investigate the field condi- tions thoroughly before making arrangements for con- ducting a test. 3.2 TOLERANCES This Code specified the desired conditions and proce- dures for obtaining valid an
47、d accurate test results but the definition of uncertainties in respect to overall test accu- racy and repeatability is not within its scope. Ideal test conditions may be unobtainable in many test situations. This Code provides guidance for dealing with such non-ideal conditions so as to maximize the
48、 accuracy of the test results. Provisions to allow for uncertainties in measurements, resulting from less-than-desirable test con- ditions, must be agreed upon in advance by all parties to the test. This agreement should be clearly stated in the test report. 3.3 WITNESSES TO A TEST 3.31 Accredited r
49、epresentatives of all parties concerned should be present to witness that all aspects of the test are conducted in accordance with the agreements. 3.32 Should an accredited representative establish to all parties that the observed test procedures and conditions will invalidate or prejudice the test objectives, that por- tion of the test results or the test run itself-shall be de- leted. 3.4 PRELIMINARY RUNS One or more preliminary runs may be conducted for such purposes as checking instruments and procedures and/or makin
