1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 12749-4:2015Nuclear energy, nuclear tech-nologies, and radiological protection VocabularyPart 4: Dosimetry for radiation processingBS ISO 12749-4:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 12749-4:2015. The UK participa
2、tion in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users ar
3、e responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 83693 0 ICS 01.040.13; 13.280 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the author
4、ity of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 12749-4:2015 ISO 2015Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection Vocabulary Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processingEnergie nu
5、cleaire, technologies nucleaires, et pmtection radiologique Vocabulaire Partie 4: Dosimetrie pour processue de radiationINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO12749-4First edition2015-08-15Reference numberISO 12749-4:2015(E)BS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED D
6、OCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior writt
7、en permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 12749-4:201
8、5ISO 12749-4:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Structure of the vocabulary . 13 Terms and definitions . 13.1 Terms related to dosimetry, dosimetry systems and ionizing radiation . 23.2 Terms related to dosimeters . 53.3 Terms related to radiation processing 93.4 Terms related to measureme
9、nt 15Annex A (informative) Methodology used in the development of the vocabulary .19Bibliography .25Alphabetical Index .26 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
10、national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Inte
11、rnational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those int
12、ended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see ww
13、w.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document
14、will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expre
15、ssions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC85 Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
16、 and radiological protection.ISO 12749 consists of the following parts, under the general title Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection Vocabulary: Part 2: Radiological protection Part 3: Nuclear fuel cycle Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processingThe following part is und
17、er preparation: Part 5: Nuclear reactorsThe following part is planned: Part 1: General terminologyiv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)IntroductionThis part of ISO 12749 provides terms and definitions for concepts for dosimetry related to radiation processing using ga
18、mma radiation, X-radiation, or accelerated electrons. Concepts related to the calibration and use of dosimetry systems for operational qualification and performance qualification of commercial radiation processing facilities and for dose monitoring for quality assurance during the routine processing
19、 of products are defined. Terminological data are taken from the ISO/ASTM standards developed by ISO TC 85 and ASTM International Committee E61. Care is taken to ensure definitions are consistent with other technically validated documents such as VIM, ICRU and GUM.Unambiguous communication of nuclea
20、r energy concepts is crucial since serious consequences can arise from misunderstandings with regard to standards related to equipment and materials used in nuclear energy activities. Concepts dealing with dosimetry related to radiation processing and procedures for preparation, testing, and using d
21、osimetry systems to determine the absorbed dose are present in all of the ISO/ASTM standards developed by WG3. To avoid misunderstandings, these concepts need to be designated by common terms and described by harmonized definitions.Conceptual arrangement of terms and definitions is based on concepts
22、 systems that show corresponding relationships among nuclear energy concepts. Such arrangement provides users with a structured view of the nuclear energy sector and will facilitate common understanding of all related concepts. Besides, concepts systems and conceptual arrangement of terminological d
23、ata will be helpful to any kind of user because it will promote clear, accurate and useful communication. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 12749-4:2015BS ISO 12749-4:2015Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection Vocabulary Part 4: Dosimetry for radiation processing1 Scope
24、This part of ISO 12749 lists unambiguous terms and definitions for concepts for dosimetry related to radiation processing using gamma radiation, X-radiation, or accelerated electrons. It is intended to facilitate communication and promote common understanding.2 Structure of the vocabularyThe termino
25、logy entries are presented in the conceptual order of the English preferred terms. Both a systematic index and an alphabetical index are included at the end of the standard. The structure of each entry is in accordance with ISO 10241-1.All the terms included in this part of ISO 12749 deal exclusivel
26、y with dosimetry for radiation processing. When selecting terms and definitions, special care has been taken to include the terms that need to be defined, it means, either because the definitions are essential to the correct understanding of the corresponding concepts or because some specific ambigu
27、ities need to be addressed.The notes appended to certain definitions offer clarification or examples to facilitate understanding of the concepts described. In certain cases, miscellaneous information is also included, for example, the units in which a quantity is normally measured, recommended param
28、eter values, references, etc.According to the title, the vocabulary deals with concepts belonging to the general nuclear energy field within which concepts in the dosimetry for radiation processing subfield are taking into account.nuclear energy3.1 Terms related to dosimetry, dosimetry systems, and
29、ionization radiation3.2 Terms related to dosimeters3.3Terms related to radiation processing facilities3.4Terms related to measurementdosimetry for radiation processing3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12749-
30、4:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)3.1 Terms related to dosimetry, dosimetry systems and ionizing radiation3.1.1dosimetrymeasurement of absorbed dose by the use of a dosimetry systemSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.73.1.2absorbed dose Dquotient of the d by
31、the dm, where the d is the mean energy imparted by ionization radiation to matter of mass dmNote 1 to entry: It is expressed as Dm=d /dNote 2 to entry: The special name for the unit of absorbed dose is gray (Gy), where 1 gray is equivalent to the absorption of 1 J per kilogram of a specified materia
32、l (1 Gy = 1 J / kg).SOURCE: ICRU 85a, 5.2.5, October 2011, modifiedNote 3 to entry: In most radiation processing applications, absorbed dose is in terms of absorbed dose to water.3.1.3dosimetry systemused for measuring absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instruments and their associ
33、ated reference standards, and procedures for the systems useSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.8, modified3.1.3.1primary standard dosimetry systemdesignated or widely acknowledged as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other standards of the same
34、quantitySOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.11, modified3.1.3.2reference standard dosimetry systemgenerally having the highest metrological quality available at a given location or in a given organization, from which measurements made there are derivedSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.13, modified3.1.3.
35、3routine dosimetry systemcalibrated against a reference standard dosimetry system and used for routine absorbed dose measurements, including dose mapping and process monitoringSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.16, modified3.1.3.4transfer standard dosimetry systemused as an intermediary to calibrate o
36、ther dosimetry systems, usually routine dosimetry systemSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.18, modified2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)3.1.4ionizing radiationconsists of charged particles or uncharged particles, or both, that as a result of physical interaction, cre
37、ates ions by primary or secondary processesNote 1 to entry: Charged particles could be positrons or electrons, and uncharged particles could be X-radiation or gamma radiation.SOURCE: ASTM E170, 14a, modified3.1.4.1gamma radiationelectromagnetic radiation emitted in the process of nuclear transitionS
38、OURCE: IEC 60050, modified3.1.4.1.1activityAquotient of dN by dt, where dN is the mean change in the number of nuclei in that energy state due to spontaneous nuclear transformations in the time interval dtNote 1 to entry: Activity of an amount of radionuclide in a particular energy state at a given
39、time.Note 2 to entry: It is expressed as A = dN/dtNote 3 to entry: The special name for the unit of activity is becquerel (Bq), where 1 Bq = 1 s1and 1 Ci = 3,71010Bq.SOURCE: ICRU 85a, 6.2, October 2011, modified3.1.4.1.2decay constantquotient of dN/N by dt, where dN/N is the mean fractional change i
40、n the number of nuclei in that energy state due to spontaneous nuclear transformations in the time interval dtNote 1 to entry: Decay constant of a radionuclide in a particular energy state.Note 2 to entry: It is expressed as =-N/NtddSOURCE: ICRU 85a, 6.1, October 2011, modified3.1.4.1.3half-lifeT1/2
41、time taken for the activity of an amount of radionuclide to become half its initial value Note 1 to entry: Half-life of a radionuclide in a particular energy state.Note 2 to entry: T1/2= ln2/, where is the decay constant (3.1.4.1.2). ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(
42、E)3.1.4.2X-radiationX-rayionizing electromagnetic radiation, which includes both bremsstrahlung and the characteristic radiation emitted when atomic electrons make transitions to more tightly bound statesNote 1 to entry: In radiation processing applications, the principal X-radiation is bremsstrahlu
43、ng.SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 51608:2015, 3.2.13.1.4.2.1bremsstrahlungbroad-spectrum electromagnetic radiation emitted when an energetic charged particle is influenced by a strong electric or magnetic field, such as that in the vicinity of an atomic nucleusSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 51608:2015, 3.1.43.1.4.3electron bea
44、mstream of electrons generated by an electron accelerator3.1.5calibrationset of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference mat
45、erial, and the corresponding values realized by standardsSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.33.1.5.1approved laboratoryrecognized national metrology institute; or has been formally accredited to ISO/IEC 17025; or has a quality system consistent with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025Note 1 to entry: A
46、recognized national metrology institute or other calibration laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 should be used in order to ensure traceability to a national or international standard. A calibration certificate provided by a laboratory not having formal recognition or accreditation will not neces
47、sarily be proof of traceability to a national or international standard.SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 51261:2013, 3.1.1, modified3.1.5.1.1accredited dosimetry calibration laboratorydosimetry laboratory with formal recognition by an accrediting organization that the dosimetry laboratory is competent to carry out
48、specific activities which lead to the calibration or calibration verification of dosimetry systems in accordance with documented requirements of the accrediting organizationSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.23.1.5.2reference standard radiation fieldcalibrated radiation field, generally having the hig
49、hest metrological quality available at a given location or in a given organization, from which measurements made there are derivedSOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52628:2013, 3.1.144 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 12749-4:2015ISO 12749-4:2015(E)3.1.5.3charged-particle equilibriumelectron equilibriumcondition in which the kinetic energy of charged particles, excluding rest mass, entering an infinitesimal volume of the irradiated material equals the kinetic energy of charge particles emerging from itNote 1
