1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 14222:2013Space environment (naturaland artificial) Earth upperatmosphereBS ISO 14222:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 14222:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee ACE
2、/68/-/4, Space systems and operations - Spaceenvironment (natural and artificial).A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its cor
3、rectapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75000 7ICS 49.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy C
4、ommittee on 30 September 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 14222:2013 ISO 2013Space environment (natural and artificial) Earth upper atmosphereEnvironnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) Haute atmosphre terrestreINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO14222First edition2013-09-15Re
5、ference numberISO 14222:2013(E)BS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani
6、cal, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fa
7、x + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 34 General concept and assumptions . 34.1
8、Earth atmosphere model use 34.2 Earth wind model use . 44.3 Robustness of standard . 4Annex A (informative) Neutral atmospheres . 5Annex B (informative) Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices 25Bibliography .38BS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for S
9、tandardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the ri
10、ght to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedure
11、s used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial ru
12、les of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified
13、during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for th
14、is document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)IntroductionThis International Standard provides guidelines for determining the Earths upper atmosphere properties (above 120 km).
15、A good knowledge of temperature, total density, concentrations of gas constituents, and pressure is important for many space missions exploiting the low-earth orbit (LEO) regime below approximately 2 500 km altitude. Aerodynamic forces on the spacecraft, due to the orbital motion of a satellite thro
16、ugh a rarefied gas, which itself can have variable high velocity winds, are important for planning satellite lifetime, maintenance of orbits, collision avoidance maneuvering and debris monitoring, sizing the necessary propulsion system, design of attitude control system, and estimating the peak acce
17、lerations and torques imposed on sensitive payloads. Surface corrosion effects due to the impact of large fluxes of atomic oxygen are assessed to predict the degradation of a wide range of sensitive coatings of spacecraft and instruments. The reactions of atomic oxygen around a spacecraft can also l
18、ead to intense “vehicle glow”.The structure of Earths upper atmosphere, accepted empirical models that can specify the details of the atmosphere, and the details of those models (Annex A) are included in this International Standard. Annex B provides a detailed description of the Neutral Electromagne
19、tic Radiation and Indices. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 14222:2013BS ISO 14222:2013Space environment (natural and artificial) Earth upper atmosphere1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the structure of Earths atmosphere above 120 km, provides accepted empirical models that can specif
20、y the details of the atmosphere, and uses annexes to describe the details of those models. Its purpose is to create a standard method for specifying Earth atmosphere properties (densities, etc.) in the low Earth orbit regime for space systems and materials users.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purpos
21、es of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1homosphereregion of the atmosphere that is well mixed, i.e. the major species concentrations are independent of height and locationNote 1 to entry: This region extends from 0 to 100 km, and includes the temperature-defined regions of
22、the troposphere (surface up to 8 - 15 km altitude), the stratosphere (10 - 12 km up to 50 km altitude ), the mesosphere (50 km up to about 90 km altitude), and the lowest part of the thermosphere.2.2heterosphereportion of the atmosphere, above 125 km, where diffusive separation of species dominates
23、and atmospheric composition depends on height2.3thermosphereregion of the atmosphere between the temperature minimum at the mesopause (90 km) and the altitude where the vertical scale height is approximately equal to the mean free path (400 - 600 km) altitude, depending on solar and geomagnetic acti
24、vity levels2.4exosphereregion of the atmosphere that extends from the top of the thermosphere outward2.5NRLMSISE-00Naval Research Labatory Mass Spectrometer, Incoherent Scatter Radar Extended Modelmodel that describes the neutral temperature and species densities in Earths atmosphereNote 1 to entry:
25、 It is based on a very large underlying set of supporting data from satellites, rockets, and radars, with extensive temporal and spatial distribution. It has been extensively tested against experimental data by the international scientific community. The model has a flexible mathematical formulation
26、.Note 2 to entry: It is valid for use from ground level to the exosphere. Two indices are used in this model: F10.7(both the daily solar flux value of the previous day and the 81-day average centred on the input day) and Ap(geomagnetic daily value).Note 3 to entry: See Reference1INTERNATIONAL STANDA
27、RD ISO 14222:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)2.6JB2008Jacchia-Bowman 2008 Modelmodel that describes the neutral temperature and the total density in Earths thermosphere and exosphereNote 1 to entry: Its new features lead to a better and more accurate model rep
28、resentation of the mean total density compared with previous models, including the NRLMSISE-00.Note 2 to entry: It is valid for use from an altitude of 120 km to 2 500 km in the exosphere. Four solar indices and two geomagnetic activity indices are used in this model: F10.7(both tabular value one da
29、y earlier and the 81-day average centred on the input time); S10.7(both tabular value one day earlier and the 81-day average centred on the input time); M10.7(both tabular value five days earlier and the 81-day average centred on the input time); Y10.7(both tabular value five days earlier and the 81
30、-day average centred on the input time); ap(3 hour tabular value); and Dst (converted and input as a dTc temperature change tabular value on the input time).Note 3 to entry: See Reference22.7HWM07Horizontal Wind ModelComprehensive empirical global model of horizontal winds in the mesosphere and ther
31、mosphere (middle and upper atmosphere).Note 1 to entry: Reference values for the apindex needed as input for the wind model are given in Annex A.Note 2 to entry: HWM07 does not include a dependence on solar EUV irradiance. Solar cycle effects on thermospheric winds are generally small during the day
32、time, but can exceed 20 m/s at night.Note 3 to entry: HWM07 thermospheric winds at high geomagnetic latitudes during geomagnetically quiet periods should be treated cautiously.Note 4 to entry: See Reference32.8Earth GRAM 2010Earth Global Reference Atmosphere Models (latest version is GRAM 2010) prod
33、uced on behalf of NASA, that describe the terrestrial atmosphere from ground level upward for operational purposesNote 1 to entry: GRAM 2010 provides a global reference terrestrial atmosphere model based on a combination of empirically based models that represent different altitude ranges up to 120
34、km. The upper atmosphere section above 120 km has the option of three different atmosphere models, the Marshall Thermosphere (MET-07), the Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer, Incoherent Scatter Radar Extended (NRLMISE-00) and the Jacchia-Bowman (JB-2008) model. In addition the NRL1993 Harmo
35、nic Wind Model (HWM-93) is included for use in conjunction with the NRLMISE-00.Note 2 to entry: These models are available via license from NASA to qualified users and provide usability and information quality similar to that of the NRLMSISE-00 Model. Earth GRAM 2007 includes options for NRLMSIS-00,
36、 HMW-93, and JB2006 models.Note 3 to entry: See Reference4.2.9DTM-2009Drag Temperature Model 2009model that describes the neutral temperature and major and some minor species densities in Earths atmosphere between an altitude of 120 km to approximately 1 500 kmNote 1 to entry: DTM-2009 is based on a
37、 large database going back to the early 70s, essentially the same that was used for NRLMSISE-00 except for the radar data. In addition, high-resolution CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer-inferred densities are assimilated in DTM-2009.Note 2 to entry: DTM-2009 is valid from an altitude of 120 km to approx
38、imately 1 500 km in the exosphere. Two indices are used in this model: F10.7solar flux (both daily solar flux of the previous day and the 81-day average centred on the input day) and Kp (3-hour value delayed by three hours, and the average of the last 24 hours).2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 1
39、4222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)Note 3 to entry: The DTM model codes (DTM-94, DTM-2000, DTM-2009) are available for download on the ATMOP project website1).Note 4 to entry: See Reference53 Symbols and abbreviated termsapthe 3-hour planetary geomagnetic index, in units nTApthe daily planetary geomagnetic i
40、ndex, in units nTCIRA COSPAR International Reference AtmosphereCOSPAR Committee on Space ResearchDst the hourly disturbance storm time ring current index, in units nTF10the F10.7solar proxy, in units of solar flux, 10-22W m-2M10the M10.7solar proxy, in units of solar flux, 10-22W m-2S10the S10.7sola
41、r index, in units of solar flux, 10-22W m-2URSI International Union of Radio ScienceY10the Y10.7solar index, in units of solar flux, 10-22W m-24 General concept and assumptions4.1 Earth atmosphere model useThe NRLMSISE-00 model 1should be used for calculating both the neutral temperature and the det
42、ailed composition of the atmosphere.The JB2008 model 2should be used for calculating the total atmospheric density above an altitude of 120 km, for example as used in determining satellite drag in LEO.The Earth-GRAM model 2010 4may be used for calculating the total atmospheric density above an altit
43、ude of 120 km, for example as used in determining satellite drag in LEO.The DTM-2009 5may be used for calculating the total atmospheric density above an altitude of 120 km, for example as used in determining satellite drag in LEO.For altitudes below 120 km, NRLMSISE-00 or Earth GRAM 2010 should be u
44、sed for calculating the total air density.NOTE This usage follows the advice of the CIRA Working Group, sponsored by COSPAR and URSI, and following the resolution of the Assembly of COSPAR in Montreal in July 2008.4.1.1 Application guidelinesa) The NRLMSISE-00 model for species densities should not
45、be mixed with the JB2008, Earth GRAM 2010 or DTM-2009 model for total density.b) For worst-case high solar activity results and analysis periods not exceeding 1 week, high daily short-term values given in Annex A should be used as input for daily activity together with the high long-term values for
46、the 81-day average activity.1) http:/www.atmop.eu/downloads.php ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 14222:2013ISO 14222:2013(E)c) For analysis periods longer than 1 week the long-term solar activities given in Annex A should be used as input for both the daily and the 81-day averaged values.d) For
47、analysis periods longer than 1 week and conditions specified in Annex A, the daily and 81-day averaged solar activities given in Annex A should be used.e) Short-term daily high solar activity values should not be used together with low or moderate long-term solar activity values.NOTE 1 The JB2008, N
48、RLMSISE-00, and Earth GRAM 2010 models can only predict large scale and slow variations in the order of 1 000 km (given by the highest harmonic component) and 3 hours. Spacecrafts can encounter density variations with smaller temporal and spatial scales partly since they are in motion (for example,
49、+100% or -50% in 30 s), and partly because smaller-scale disturbances certainly occur during periods of disturbed geomagnetic activity.NOTE 2 Reference values for the key indices needed as inputs for the atmosphere models are given in Annex A.NOTE 3 The F10.781-day average solar activity can also be estimated by averaging three successive monthly predicted values.NOTE 4 Information on density model uncertainties can be found in Annex A and in References1and.2NOTE 5 For high solar activities, the atmosphere mod
