1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16000-21:2013Indoor airPart 21: Detection and enumeration ofmoulds Sampling from materialsCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-
2、,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO16000-21:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/5, Emissions to internal environments.A list of organizations represented on this committee ca
3、n beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 78715 7ICS 13.040.20Complian
4、ce with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by I
5、HS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013 ISO 2013Indoor air Part 21: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling from materialsAir intrieur Partie 21: Dtection et dnombrement des moisissures
6、 chantillonnage partir de matriauxINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16000-21First edition2013-12-15Reference numberISO 16000-21:2013(E)Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
7、IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-21:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including ph
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9、47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-21:2013(E) ISO 2013 All
10、rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle of method . 25 Apparatus and materials 25.1 Equipment for sampling . 25.2 Equipment for preparing the agar plates . 35.3 Equipment for processing the bulk samples . 36
11、Culture media and reagents 36.1 General . 36.2 Dichlorane 18 % glycerol agar (DG-18). 36.3 Malt extract agar 46.4 Potato dextrose agar 46.5 Dilution buffer . 56.6 Staining solution 57 Measurement procedure 67.1 Sampling from surfaces . 67.2 Bulk sampling 77.3 Transport and storage 77.4 Direct micros
12、copy 77.5 Suspension of material and swab samples . 78 Quality assurance 89 Sampling protocol . 810 Performance characteristics 8Annex A (informative) Sample exchange for method validation . 9Bibliography .11Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolle
13、d Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-21:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Interna
14、tional Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with
15、ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, P
16、art 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
17、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations r
18、eceived (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs
19、 adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air.ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general titl
20、e Indoor air: Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air Active sampling method Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde Diffusive sampling method Part 5: S
21、ampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TAsorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS-FID Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbest
22、os fibre concentrations Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission test chamber method Part 10: Determination of the emission
23、 of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission test cell method Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Sampling, storage of samples and preparation of test specimens Part 12: Sampling strategy for poly
24、chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo
25、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-21:2013(E) Part 13: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) Collection on sorbent-ba
26、cked filters Part 14: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) Extraction, clean-up and analysis by high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry Part 15: Sampling strateg
27、y for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Part 16: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by filtration Part 17: Detection and enumeration of moulds Culture-based method Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling by impaction Part 19: Sampling strategy for moulds Part 20: Detection and enumerati
28、on of moulds Determination of total spore count Part 21: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling from materials Part 23: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of formaldehyde concentrations by sorptive building materials Part 24: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of volatile
29、 organic compound (except formaldehyde) concentrations by sorptive building materials Part 25: Determination of the emission of semi-volatile organic compounds by building products Micro-chamber method Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO2) Part 27: Determination of settled fibrous dust
30、 on surfaces by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) (direct method) Part 28: Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers Part 29: Test methods for VOC detectors Part 30: Sensory testing of indoor air Part 31: Measurement of flame retardants and plasticizers based on or
31、ganophosphorus compounds Phosphoric acid ester Part 32: Investigation of buildings for pollutants and other injurious factors InspectionsThe following parts are under preparation: Part 33: Determination of phthalates with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) Part 34: Strategies for the measu
32、rement of airborne particles (PM 2,5 fraction) Part 35: Measurement of polybrominated diphenylether, hexabromocyclododecane and hexabromobenzeneA test method for the reduction rate of airborne bacteria by air purifiers using a test chamber will form a future part 36. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vCo
33、pyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-21:2013(E)IntroductionMould is a common name for filamentous fungi from different taxonomi
34、c groups (ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and their anamorphic states formerly known as deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti). They form a mycelium and spores by which they become visible macroscopically. Most spores are in the size range of 2 m to 10 m, some up to 30 m, and only few up to 100 m. Spores of
35、some mould genera are small and become airborne very easily (e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium) while others are bigger and/or embedded in a slime matrix (e.g. Stachybotrys, Fusarium) and less mobile.Mould spores are widely distributed in the outdoor environment and, therefore, occur in varying concentr
36、ations also indoors. Growth of moulds in indoor environments, however, should be considered as a hygienic problem because epidemiological studies have revealed that dampness and/or mould growth in homes and health problems affecting the occupants are closely related.Harmonized methods for sampling,
37、detection, and enumeration of moulds including standards for sampling strategies are important for comparative assessment of mould problems indoors. Before doing any measurements, a plan for the measurement strategy should be made.This part of ISO 16000 describes methods for sampling of moulds from
38、building materials.This part of ISO 16000 is based on parts of VDI 4300 Part 10.vi ISO 2013 All rights reservedCopyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO
39、16000-21:2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-21:2013(E)Indoor air Part 21: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling from materials1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16000 specifies requirements for sampling of moulds from building materials. Following the instructions given, samples are obtained for micro
40、scopy or for subsequent detection of moulds by cultivation according to ISO 16000-17.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For un
41、dated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16000-17, Indoor air Part 17: Detection and enumeration of moulds Culture-based method3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1colony f
42、orming unitcfuunit by which the culturable number of microorganisms is expressedSOURCE: EN 13098:2000Note 1 to entry: One colony can originate from one single microorganism, from aggregates of many microorganisms as well as from one or many microorganisms attached to a particle.Note 2 to entry: The
43、number of colonies can depend on the cultivation conditions.3.2cultivationgrowing of microorganisms on culture mediaSOURCE: ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.63.3filamentous fungusfungus growing in the form of filaments of cells known as hyphaeNote 1 to entry: The term filamentous fungi differentiates fungi with
44、 hyphal growth from yeasts.SOURCE: ISO 16000-16:2008, 3.3 ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1Copyright British Standards Institution Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-BS ISO 16000-21:2013ISO 16000-
45、21:2013(E)3.4microorganismany microbial entity, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of transferring of genetic material, or entities that have lost these propertiesSOURCE: EN 13098:20003.5mouldfilamentous fungi from several taxonomic groups, namely ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and their
46、 anamorphic states formerly known as deuteromycetes or fungi imperfectiNote 1 to entry: Moulds form different type of spores depending on the taxonomic group they belong to, namely conidiospores (conidia), sporangiospores, or ascospores.3.6myceliumbranched hyphae networkSOURCE: ISO/TS 10832:2009, 3.
47、54 Principle of methodMould-infested materials are examined either by surface sampling (see 7.1) or bulk sampling (see 7.2), i.e. examination of the complete material or defined deeper material layers. The methods used depend on the investigation objective as described in ISO 16000-19. Surfaces are
48、sampled using the contact plate (see 7.1.2), tape-lift (see 7.1.3), or swab method (see 7.1.4). After sampling, the mould spores can be analysed by direct microscopy (see 7.4) or processed and cultured using the suspension method (see 7.5). The cultivation procedure is described in ISO 16000-17.5 Apparatus and materialsUsual microbiological laboratory equipment, and in particular:5.1 Equipment for sampling5.1.1 Agar plates or flexible plastic stripes, containing DG-18 agar and malt extract or potato dext
