1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16541:2015Methods for sea licesurveillance on marine finfishfarmsBS ISO 16541:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16541:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee AW/234, Fis
2、heries and Aquaculture.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Pu
3、blished by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 82453 1ICS 67.120.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2015.Amendments issued since publica
4、tionDate Text affectedBS ISO 16541:2015 ISO 2015Methods for sea lice surveillance on marine finfish farmsMthodes de surveillance des poux de mer dans les exploitations de pisciculture marineINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16541First edition2015-07-15Reference numberISO 16541:2015(E)BS ISO 16541:2015ISO 165
5、41:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
6、or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax
7、 +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16541:2015ISO 16541:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Sampling design 34.1 Purpose, precision, and accuracy 34.2 Specification of measure to be used (abundance, prevalence, and median int
8、ensity) . 34.2.1 General 34.2.2 Abundance . 34.2.3 Prevalence and median intensity 44.2.4 Minimum requirements for on-farm monitoring of sea lice levels and effect of treatment 45 Information requirements for sampling events 55.1 General . 55.2 Contextual elements at each sampling event 55.3 Sea lic
9、e elements at each sampling event 55.3.1 Sea lice dislodged during handling 65.4 Structured format for reporting . 66 Monitoring programme elements 76.1 General . 76.2 Selection of fish and handling 76.3 Frequency for regular monitoring . 76.4 Frequency for assessment of treatment efficacy . 87 Trai
10、ning requirements . 8Annex A (informative) Rationale for collecting site and cage-level data .10Annex B (informative) Typical measures used to summarize sea lice data and their variability .11 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16541:2015ISO 16541:2015(E)ForewordISO (the Internation
11、al Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been e
12、stablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standard
13、ization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
14、with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of an
15、y patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement
16、.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible f
17、or this document is ISO/TC 234, Fisheries and aquaculture.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16541:2015ISO 16541:2015(E)IntroductionThe term “sea lice” refers to several species of naturally occurring marine copepods that parasitize fish. They attach themselves to the skin, fins, and gills of wil
18、d and farmed fish, and feed on host mucus and skin. If an infestation is severe, it can negatively impact the health of affected fish.The abundance of sea lice can be amplified on marine finfish farms and a concern is that farms can then act as a reservoir, releasing lice back into the broader marin
19、e environment. Farms could thus act as a source of infestation for wild fish, particularly salmonids. While it is possible to control lice levels on farms through integrated pest management approaches and the use of therapeutants, the same intervention cannot easily be applied to wild fish populatio
20、ns. For this reason, many jurisdictions place requirements on farmed salmon producers to carefully monitor lice levels on farms and to take appropriate actions to reduce on-farm lice populations where lice have been identified as a concern.Where sea lice are identified as a concern to be managed, co
21、unts may be used in a number of ways. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly common for regulators to establish upper limits to abundance of lice on farms with the intent of minimizing potential impacts to wild fish populations. Farming companies can also monitor lice abundance to maintain
22、 appropriate fish welfare conditions. In addition, the development of reduced sensitivity to in-feed medication (following similar trends seen for bath treatments in the 1990s), is a concern to both regulators and producers. Clear and standardized sea lice counts are necessary for the early detectio
23、n of any such trends. Both the aquaculture industry and pharmaceutical suppliers of ecto-parasiticides would then be in a position to make better and earlier determination of situations in which treatments were beginning to lose effectiveness, and thus, to initiate appropriate mitigation strategies.
24、Over the past two decades, a range of counting methods have been developed across countries, and sometimes within countries, such that it is often difficult to know how to interpret the sea lice levels reported from farm sites. The goals of this International Standard are to ensure that the sea lice
25、 counts carried out on marine finfish farms are accurate and fit for purpose and to establish a method for sea lice on-farm surveillance that can be carried out in any farming area, affording accurate, consistent estimates of lice. A standardized methodology will yield results that can better be com
26、pared across jurisdictions and geographic regions, supporting the development and implementation of effective lice management approaches and increasing public confidence that effective control measures are being implemented.This International Standard has been developed in consideration of the inten
27、ded use of the results of sampling, practical and economic constraints of sampling, species of lice of concern in an area, cage and site configurations, seasonal or environmental conditions, and potential impacts on fish health and welfare. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16541:2015BS ISO 16541
28、:2015Methods for sea lice surveillance on marine finfish farms1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies both a method for sea lice counts on marine finfish farms and a method for sea lice surveillance that can be carried out in any farming area to provide consistent estimates of sea lice infestat
29、ion.It specifies the best practices associated with monitoring sea lice levels on marine finfish farms for various purposes including the assessment of abundance, prevalence, and treatment efficacy. This will include identifying minimum requirements for specific monitoring program elements (e.g. num
30、ber of fish and cages to be sampled, frequency of sampling, the level of detail recorded, etc.). The standard will apply to all marine finfish farms which experience infestation with any of the range of “sea lice” (copepodid) parasites.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this
31、International Standard.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1sea licecopepods of one of a number of lice speciesNote 1 to entry: The most commonly occurring sea lice, depending on location, being the various salmon lice Lepeophtheirus
32、salmonis Kryer, Caligus elongatus, Caligus clemensi, Caligus rogercresseyi, etc. and the cod louse Caligus curtus.3.2sea lice stagessea lice metamorphose to different life stagesNote 1 to entry: Sea lice stages includes the nauplii (free-swimming stage) through the copepodid stage (infectious stage)
33、 to various stages of chalimus growth (attached stages) where they are attached to a single point on the fish host. They then develop to pre-adult (for some lice species) and finally, adult stages, at which point they are able to move around on the fish host (motile stages).3.3finfishfish of the cla
34、ss Osteichthyes3.4facilitycollective structures used for the purposes of finfish aquaculture; including the enclosures (net pens), walkways, barges, floats plus associated lines and anchors3.5enclosurescontainment structures, including net pens, cages, or similar structures used to contain finfish f
35、or the purposes of aquacultureINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16541:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16541:2015ISO 16541:2015(E)3.6treatmentmeasure applied to remove sea liceEXAMPLE Treatment such as in-feed drug products, topical pesticides, or other methods that remove lice, including mecha
36、nical removal.3.7abundancemean number of lice across all of the fish that are examined at any particular sampling point3.8prevalenceproportion of fish on which at least one louse was observed from all of those examined during any particular sampling event3.9intensitymean number of lice across only t
37、hose fish on which lice have been observed during the examination at any particular sampling point3.10accuracyquantitative measure of the degree of conformity with an accepted reference valueSOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2004, definition 9.1.83.11precisionquantitative measure of the degree of agreement between
38、 individual measurements of the same propertySOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2004, definition 9.1.93.12sea lice countevent involving a number of fish from a range of cages on a marine finfish farm on a specific date which enumerates the presence of different sea lice stages on these fish3.13sea lice surveillance
39、process by which sea lice levels are recorded and assessed over time; the protocol to organize and assess a series of sea lice counts3.14clusteringdegree to which parasites tend to aggregate within units (in this case cages)Note 1 to entry: Can be formally measured by the intraclass correlation coef
40、ficient (ICC) which describes how closely communities in the same unit tend to resemble each other.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16541:2015ISO 16541:2015(E)4 Sampling design4.1 Purpose, precision, and accuracyThe most important consideration in determining sampling design is the purpose for w
41、hich the monitoring is being carried out. The key issue in deciding on a sampling strategy is specifying the level of precision or accuracy that is required as an outcome from the sampling process.NOTE 1 The purpose of monitoring could be to fulfil regulatory requirements, in which case, it would be
42、 up to the relevant authority to decide on the design details, or it could be to monitor the effectiveness of the treatments for sea lice, in which case, the outcome could be of importance to both the authorities and producers of fish. The design and frequencies of the monitoring will therefore vary
43、.NOTE 2 When reporting mean sea lice levels for comparison against treatment triggers, or simply to visualize trends over time, it can be that 20 % is adequate, while estimating efficacy of a treatment intervention can require a more tightly defined precision.There are also a number of biological fa
44、ctors that will affect the accuracy of estimates. In particular, the level of clustering which exists in a given situation will impact on the importance of selecting a representative number of cages from within a farm.NOTE 3 Clustering refers to the relationship of within-cage to between-cage variat
45、ion and is known to be important in most ecological monitoring situations.4.2 Specification of measure to be used (abundance, prevalence, and median intensity)4.2.1 GeneralIt is not only precision and accuracy that are associated with purpose; the actual metric that is used to express the level of s
46、ea lice load on fish may change in differing contexts and under varying conditions (see also Annex B). Abundance is the most commonly used metric when sampling sea lice. However, when sea lice levels are very low, as is assumed to be the case when trigger levels of, for example, 0,1 adult females pe
47、r fish are in place, it is unlikely that abundance will be the best metric.NOTE 1 General advice from the quantitative parasitology literature is that prevalence and median intensity may be better metrics to use than mean abundance in this circumstance.NOTE 2 Regulatory thresholds are usually based
48、on average sea lice figures, or in parasitological terminology, “abundance”; while estimates of intensity and prevalence are typically only used in epidemiological studies.4.2.2 AbundanceHaving taken note of the considerations above, a relevant level of accuracy should be selected. The cells contain
49、ed in Table 1 indicate the estimated levels of accuracy that can be expected to be obtained under different configurations of cage coverage and total number of fish in the sample. The accuracy increases as the total number of fish sampled is increased (i.e. from left to right) and under normal conditions, where clustering is present, the same is true as a larger proportion of the cages is included (i.e. moving from top to bottom in the table). The diagonal lines in Table 1 indicate sampling strategies of equivalent accuracy.NOTE The actual slope of the
