1、BS ISO 16620-2:2015Plastics Biobased contentPart 2: Determination of biobased carboncontentBS ISO 16620-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16620-2:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PRI/21, Testi
2、ng of plastics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published
3、by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 84622 9ICS 83.080.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDat
4、e Text affectedBS ISO 16620-2:2015 ISO 2015Plastics Biobased content Part 2: Determination of biobased carbon contentPlastiques Teneur biosource Partie 2: Dtermination de la teneur en carbone biosourcINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16620-2First edition2015-04-01Reference numberISO 16620-2:2015(E)BS ISO 166
5、20-2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posti
6、ng on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightis
7、o.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16620-2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviated terms . 13.1 Terms and definitions . 13.2 Symbols . 23.3 Abbreviated terms . 24 Principle 35 Sampling 36 Determ
8、ination of the 14C content . 36.1 General . 36.2 Principle 46.3 Procedure for the conversion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable sample for 14C determination 46.4 Measurement techniques . 47 Determination of the total carbon content and total organic carbon content . 48 Calculation of
9、the biobased carbon content. 58.1 General . 58.2 Correction factors . 58.3 Calculation method . 68.3.1 Calculation of the biobased carbon content by mass, xB68.3.2 Calculation of the biobased carbon content, xBTC, as a fraction of TC . 68.3.3 Calculation of the biobased carbon content, xBTOC, as a f
10、raction of TOC 78.3.4 Examples . 79 Test report . 7Annex A (normative) Procedure for the conversion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable sample for 14C determination . 9Annex B (normative) Method A Determination by liquid scintillation-counter method (LSC) 12Annex C (normative) Method B
11、 14C determination by beta-ionization .15Annex D (normative) Method C 14C determination by accelerator mass spectrometry 18Bibliography .21 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16620-2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwi
12、de federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on tha
13、t committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this docum
14、ent and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directive
15、s, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development
16、 of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specifi
17、c terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommi
18、ttee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties.ISO 16620 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plastics Biobased content: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Determination of biobased carbon content Part 3: Determination of biobased synthetic polymer contentThe following parts are under p
19、reparation: Part 4: Determination of the biobased mass content Part 5: Declaration of biobased carbon content, biobased synthetic polymer content and biobased mass contentiv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16620-2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)IntroductionIncreased use of biomass resources for manufactu
20、ring plastic products is effective in reducing global warming and the depletion of fossil resources.Current plastic products are composed of biobased synthetic polymers, fossil-based synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and additives that can include biobased materials.Biobased plastics refer to pl
21、astics that contain materials, wholly or partly of biogenic origin.In this series of International Standards, the biobased content of biobased plastics refers to the amount of the biobased carbon content, the amount of the biobased synthetic polymer content, or the amount of the biobased mass conten
22、t only. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16620-2:2015BS ISO 16620-2:2015Plastics Biobased content Part 2: Determination of biobased carbon contentWARNING The use of this part of ISO 16620 might involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This part of ISO 16620 does not purport to add
23、ress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16620 specifies a
24、calculation method for the determination of the biobased carbon content in monomers, polymers, and plastic materials and products, based on the 14C content measurement.This part of ISO 16620 is applicable to plastic products and plastic materials, polymer resins, monomers, or additives, which are ma
25、de from biobased or fossil-based constituents.Knowing the biobased content of plastic products is useful when evaluating their environmental impact.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its applicatio
26、n. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16620-1, Plastics Biobased content Part 1: General principles3 Terms, definitions, symbols, and abbreviated terms3.1 Terms and definit
27、ionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16620-1 and the following apply.3.1.1percent modern carbonpMCnormalized and standardized value for the amount of the 14C isotope in a sample, calculated relative to the standardized and normalized 14C isotope amount of oxa
28、lic acid standard reference material, SRM 4990c1)Note 1 to entry: In 2009, the value of 100 % biobased carbon was set at 105 pMC.SOURCE: ISO 13833:2013, 3.51) SRM 4990c is the trade name of a product supplied by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. This information is given for the
29、 convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent products can be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16620-2:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16620-2:2015ISO 16
30、620-2:2015(E)3.1.2radiocarbonradioactive isotope of the element carbon, 14C, having 8 neutrons, 6 protons, and 6 electronsNote 1 to entry: Of the total carbon on Earth, 1 1010% (mass fraction) is 14C. It decays exponentially with a half-life of 5 730 years and, as such, it is not measurable in fossi
31、l materials derived from petroleum, coal, natural gas, or any other source older than about 50 000 years.SOURCE: ISO 13833:2013, 3.73.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 16620-1 and the following apply.14C carbon isotope with an atomic mass of 14m mass of a sample ex
32、pressed in gramspMC(s) measured value, expressed in pMC, according to AMS method, of the sampleREF reference value, expressed in pMC, of 100 % biobased carbon depending on the origin of organic carbonxTCtotal carbon content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the samplexTOCtotal organic carbon
33、 content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the samplexBbiobased carbon content by mass, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the samplexBTCbiobased carbon content by total carbon content, expressed as a percentage of the total carbon contentxBTOCbiobased carbon content by total organic c
34、arbon content, expressed as a percentage of the total organic carbon content3.3 Abbreviated termsAMS accelerator mass spectroscopyBI beta-ionizationBq Bequerel (disintegrations per second)cpm counts per minutedpm disintegrations per minuteGM Geiger-MllerLLD lower limit of detectionLSC liquid scintil
35、lation-counter or liquid scintillation-countingMOP 3-methoxy 1-propyl aminepMC percentage of modern carbonTC total carbon2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16620-2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)TOC total organic carbon4 PrincipleThe 14C present in chemicals originates from recent atmospheric CO2. Due to
36、its radioactive decay, it is almost absent from fossil products older than 20 000 years to 30 000 years. Thus, the 14C content might be considered as a tracer of chemicals recently synthesized from atmospheric CO2and particularly of recently produced bio-products.The determination of the biomass con
37、tent is based on the measurement of 14C in polymers which allows the calculation of the biobased carbon fraction.A large experience in 14C determination and reference samples are available from dating of archaeological objects, on which the three methods described in this part of ISO 16620 are based
38、: Method A: Liquid scintillation-counter method (LSC); Method B: Beta-ionization (BI); Method C: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).NOTE The advantages and disadvantages of these test methods are given in Table 1.Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of the methodsMethod Technical levelAdditional re
39、quests Duration needed for measurementRelative standard deviationInstrumental costsMethod A (LSC) Simple Normal laboratory 4 h to 12 h 2 % to 10 % LowMethod B (BI)Complex Low background laboratory Gas purification device8 h to 24 h 0,2 % to 5 % LowMethod C (AMS)Very com-plex Large installation Graph
40、ite conver-sion device10 min to 30 min 0,2 % to 2 % HighFor the 14C LSC measurement, a low level counter should be used. The statistical scattering of the radioactive decay sets a limit, both for Method A and B. Thereby, both methods need a purified carbon dioxide, otherwise, oxides of nitrogen from
41、 the combustion in the calorific bomb will result in counting losses by quenching and adulteration of the cocktail in case of LSC measurement.5 SamplingIf there is a standard sampling procedure for the material or product to be evaluated that is widely accepted by the different parties, such a proce
42、dure can be used and the details of sampling recorded.For any sampling procedure, the samples shall be representative of the material or product and the quantity or mass of sample shall be accurately established.6 Determination of the 14C content6.1 GeneralA general sample preparation and three test
43、 methods for the determination of the 14C content are described in this International Standard. With this modular approach, it will be possible for normally equipped laboratories to prepare samples for the 14C content and determine the 14C content with own ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16620-
44、2:2015ISO 16620-2:2015(E)equipment or to outsource the determination of the 14C content to laboratories that are specialized in this technique.For the collection from the sample of the 14C content, generally accepted methods for the conversion of the carbon present in the sample to CO2are described.
45、For the measurement of the 14C content, methods are selected that are already generally accepted as methods for the determination of the age of objects.6.2 PrincipleThe amount of biobased carbon in the biobased polymer is proportional to this 14C content.Complete combustion (see Annex A) is carried
46、out in a way to comply with the requirements of the subsequent measurement of the 14C content and shall provide the quantitative recovery of all carbon present in the sample as CO2in order to yield valid results. This measurement shall be carried out according to one of the three following methods:
47、Liquid scintillation-counter method (LSC) (Method A): indirect determination of the isotope abundance of 14C through its emission of beta-particles (interaction with scintillation molecules), specified in Annex B; Beta-ionization (BI) (Method B): indirect determination of the isotope abundance of 14
48、C through its emission of beta-particles (Geiger-Mller type detector), specified in Annex C; Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) (Method C): direct determination of the isotope abundance of 14C, specified in Annex D.6.3 Procedure for the conversion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable s
49、ample for 14C determinationThe conversion of the carbon present in the sample to a suitable sample for the determination of the 14C content shall be carried out according to the Annex A.6.4 Measurement techniquesThe 14C content of the sample shall be determined using one of the methods as described in Annex B, Annex C, or Annex D.When collected samples are sent to specialized laboratories, the samples shall be stored in a way that no CO2from air can enter the absorption solution. A check on the in leak of CO
