1、BS ISO 16639:2017Surveillance of the activityconcentrations of airborneradioactive substances in theworkplace of nuclear facilitiesBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 16639:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK imple
2、mentation of ISO 16639:2017. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the
3、 necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 83750 0 ICS 13.280 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standa
4、rd was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16639:2017 ISO 2017Surveillance of the activity concentrations of airborne radioactive substances in the workplace o
5、f nuclear facilitiesSurveillance de lactivit volumique des substances radioactives dans lair des lieux de travail des installations nuclairesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16639First edition2017-01Reference numberISO 16639:2017(E)BS ISO 16639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT P
6、ROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without p
7、rior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 1
8、6639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)Foreword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions . 24 Symbols 55 Developing the surveillance program 55.1 Reasons for conducting a surveillance programme 55.1.1 General 55.1.2 Sampling when respiratory protective equipment is used . 65.1.3
9、 Sampling to establish air contamination areas . 65.1.4 Air sampling as a basis for determining worker intakes. 65.1.5 Air monitoring for early warning of elevated air concentrations 65.2 Graded approach to sampling 75.3 Frequency of sampling . 85.3.1 General 85.3.2 Grab vs. continuous sampling . 85
10、.3.3 Continuous monitoring of activity concentrations 85.3.4 Prompt analysis of certain samples . 95.4 Substitutes for air sampling . 96 Location of samplers and monitors 96.1 General . 96.2 Types of air flow studies . 96.2.1 General 96.2.2 Qualitative airflow studies 96.2.3 Quantitative airflow stu
11、dies 106.3 Location of samplers for estimating committed effective dose .106.4 Location of samplers for evaluating effectiveness of containment.116.5 Location of samplers for posting of air contamination areas 116.6 Location of portable samplers 126.7 Location of CAM for continuous monitoring of the
12、 activity concentration .127 Collection of samples 127.1 General 127.2 Sampling of aerosol particles 127.3 Gas Sampling 138 Evaluation of sampling results 148.1 Determining the average activity concentration 148.2 Uncertainty 148.3 Techniques for correcting for radon progeny interference .158.4 Eval
13、uating changes in activity concentration over time 158.5 Review of sampling results 159 Evaluating the effectiveness of the sampling program 169.1 General 169.2 Dose-based assessment of the adequacy of the sampling program.1610 Quality assurance and quality control 1710.1 General 1710.2 Sample ident
14、ification, handling, and storage .1710.3 Sampling and monitoring equipment 1710.3.1 General. 1710.3.2 Performance of measuring instruments 18 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)10.3.3 Air in-leakage testing 1810.4 Documentation and record keeping 18Annex A
15、 (informative) Examples for the determination of uncertainty, decision threshold and detection limit according to ISO 11929 20Annex B (informative) Correcting for the interference of radon progeny27Annex C (informative) Normalized concentration and exposure 29Annex D (informative) Example applicatio
16、ns of evaluating sampling program sensitivity from the viewpoint of potential missed exposure 30Bibliography .32iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 16639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS
17、O member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gove
18、rnmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further mainten
19、ance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Atte
20、ntion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introductio
21、n and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to confo
22、rmity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technolo
23、gies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)IntroductionSampling of airborne radionuclides and monitoring of activity concentration in workplaces are critically important for maintaining worker safety
24、at facilities where dispersible radioactive substances are used. Specifically, air sampling and monitoring are critical for evaluation of containment integrity, evaluation of effectiveness of contamination control programs and work practices, providing measurements for qualitative dose assessment, p
25、roviding a general assessment of the level of the airborne hazard in a room, and for providing workers an immediate warning when the activity concentration exceeds safe levels.This document sets forth guidelines and performance criteria for sampling airborne radioactive substances and monitoring act
26、ivity concentration in the workplace of nuclear facilities. Emphasis is on health protection for workers in indoor environments. This document provides best practices and performance-based criteria for the use of sampling devices and systems, including delayed radioactivity measurement samplers and
27、continuous air monitors. Specifically, this document covers air sampling program objectives, design of sampling and monitoring programs to meet program objectives, methods for air sampling and monitoring in the workplace, and quality assurance to ensure system performance toward protecting workers a
28、gainst unnecessary inhalation exposures. Taken together, these activities constitute the sampling or surveillance program.The primary purpose of the surveillance of airborne activity concentrations in the workplace is to evaluate and mitigate inhalation hazards to workers in facilities where these m
29、ay become airborne. Results often provide the basis for development and evaluation of control procedures and may indicate if engineering controls or operational changes are necessary.The surveillance can consist of two general techniques. The first is retrospective sampling, in which constituents of
30、 the air are sampled, the collection medium is removed and taken to a radiation detector system and analysed for radioactive substances, and the activity concentration results made available at a later time. In this context, the measured activity concentrations are evaluated retrospectively. The sec
31、ond approach is real-time monitoring, in which activity concentrations are continuously monitored so that workers can be warned that a significant release of airborne activity may have occurred. In implementing an effective sampling program, it is important to achieve a proper balance between the tw
32、o general approaches of the program. The specific balance depends on the hazard level of the work and the characteristics of each facility.When designing a surveillance program, the optimization of worker protection minimizes internal and external exposures while balancing social, technical, economi
33、c, practical, and public policy considerations that are associated with the use of the radioactive substance.A comprehensive surveillance program should also consider that the monitoring program is only one element of a comprehensive radiation protection program. Therefore, individuals involved with
34、 the monitoring program should interact with personnel working in the other elements of the radiation protection program, such as contamination control and internal dosimetry.vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 16639:2017Surveillance of the activity concentrations of airborne radioactive substance
35、s in the workplace of nuclear facilities1 ScopeThis document provides guidelines and performance criteria for sampling airborne radioactive substances in the workplace. Emphasis is on health protection of workers in the indoor environment.This document provides best practices and performance-based c
36、riteria for the use of air sampling devices and systems, including retrospective samplers and continuous air monitors. Specifically, this document covers air sampling program objectives, design of air sampling and monitoring programs to meet program objectives, methods for air sampling and monitorin
37、g in the workplace, and quality assurance to ensure system performance toward protecting workers against unnecessary inhalation exposures.The primary purpose of the surveillance of airborne activity concentrations in the workplace is to evaluate and mitigate inhalation hazards to workers in faciliti
38、es where these can become airborne. A comprehensive surveillance program can be used to determine the effectiveness of administrative and engineering controls for confinement, measure activity concentrations of radioactive substances, alert workers to high activity concentrations in the air, aid in
39、estimating worker intakes when bioassay methods are unavailable, determine signage or posting requirements for radiation protection, and determine appropriate protective equipment and measures.Air sampling techniques consist of two general approaches. The first approach is retrospective sampling, in
40、 which the air is sampled, the collection medium is removed and taken to a radiation detector system and analysed for radioactive substance, and the concentration results made available at a later time. In this context, the measured air concentrations are evaluated retrospectively. The second approa
41、ch is continuous real-time air monitoring so that workers can be warned that a significant release of airborne radioactivity may have just occurred. In implementing an effective air sampling program, it is important to achieve a balance between the two general approaches. The specific balance depend
42、s on hazard level of the work and the characteristics of each facility.A special component of the second approach which can apply, if properly implemented, is the preparation of continuous air monitoring instrumentation and protocols. This enables radiation protection monitoring of personnel that ha
43、ve been trained and fitted with personal protective equipment (PPE) that permit pre-planned, defined, extended stay time in elevated concentrations of airborne radioactive substances. Such approaches can occur either as part of a planned re-entry of a contaminated area following an accidental loss o
44、f containment for accident assessment and recovery, or part of a project which involves systematic or routine access to radioactive substances (e.g. preparing process material containing easily aerosolized components), or handling objects such as poorly characterized waste materials that may contain
45、 radioactive contaminants that could be aerosolized when handled during repackaging. In this special case, the role of continuous air monitoring is to provide an alert to health physics personnel that the air concentrations of concern have exceeded a threshold such that the planned level of protecti
46、on afforded by PPE has been or could be exceeded. This level would typically be many 10s or 100s of times higher than the derived air concentration (DAC) established for unprotected workers. The monitoring alarm or alert would therefore be designed not to be confused with the normal INTERNATIONAL ST
47、ANDARD ISO 16639:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16639:2017ISO 16639:2017(E)monitoring alarm, and the action taken in response would be similarly targeted at the specific site and personnel involved.The air sampling strategy should be designed to minimize internal exposures and balanced
48、 with social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations that are associated with the use of the radioactive substance.A comprehensive air sampling strategy should also consider that the air sampling program is only one element of a broader radiation protection program. Therefo
49、re, individuals involved with the air sampling program should interact with personnel working in other elements of the radiation protection program, such as contamination control and internal dosimetry.This document does not address outdoor air sampling, effluent monitoring, or radon measurements.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest editi
