1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 17172:2014Fine ceramics (advancedceramics, advanced technicalceramics) Determinationof compaction properties ofceramic powdersBS ISO 17172:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 17172:2014.The UK participation in it
2、s preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its
3、 correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 76492 9ICS 81.060.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Str
4、ategy Committee on 31 January 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 17172:2014 ISO 2014Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) Determination of compaction properties of ceramic powdersCramiques techniques Dtermination des proprits de compactage des p
5、oudres cramiquesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO17172First edition2014-02-01Reference numberISO 17172:2014(E)BS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced o
6、r utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO co
7、pyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Principle 14 Symbols
8、 and designation . 15 Apparatus . 16 Sampling 27 Procedure. 27.1 Quantity . 27.2 Cleaning of die and punches 27.3 Powder testing conditions 27.4 Lubrication . 37.5 Compaction and ejection 37.6 Compaction pressures 48 Expression of results 48.1 Calculation 48.2 Compaction curve . 49 Test report . 4Bi
9、bliography 8BS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each memb
10、er body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Ele
11、ctrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types
12、of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be he
13、ld responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is informati
14、on given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the fo
15、llowing URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 17172:2014INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17172:2014(E)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) Determination of compaction
16、 properties of ceramic powders1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the test method to determine the extent to which granulated or ungranulated ceramic powders are compacted, when subjected to uniaxial compressive loading in a confining die, under specified conditions.2 Normative referencesTh
17、e following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO/IEC 17
18、025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories3 PrincipleGranulated or ungranulated ceramic powders are compacted uniaxially in a confining die by double-action pressing (mode 1) or by single-action pressing (mode 2). Samples of the ceramic powders can be presse
19、d either at a single specified pressure or at a series of specified pressures. After ejection from die, the apparent density of the ceramic powder compact is determined.The apparent density obtained in the former case represents the compaction properties of the ceramic powder at the specified pressu
20、re. The apparent densities obtained in the latter case are utilized for drawing the compaction curve of the ceramic powder, which is a plot of apparent density as a function of compaction pressure.4 Symbols and designationSymbol Designation UnitamVApparent densityMass of ceramic powder compactVolume
21、 of ceramic powder compactg/cm3gcm3If the apparent density is measured at only one specified pressure, for example 100 MPa, the symbol becomes a(100).5 Apparatus5.1 Cylindrical die, should be made from hard material, preferably hardened steel or tungsten carbide.The die shall contain two upper and l
22、ower punches for producing cylindrical powder compacts and shall be of the floating type or of the type suspended from a spring (mode 1), or of stationary type with only one movable upper punch (mode 2). The die shall be capable of making cylindrical powder compacts with a diameter from 10 mm to 26
23、mm and a height to diameter ratio between 0,3 and 0,5 (mode 1), or with a diameter from 10 mm to 32 mm and a height to diameter ratio between 0,15 and 0,25 (mode ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)2), as indicated in Figure 1. The upper part of the die shall be preferabl
24、y designed to avoid damage to the powder compact during ejection due to spring-back. An ejection cone of height 5 mm, allowing an increase of the diameter at the top of the die of approximately 1 %, as shown in Figure 1, should be used.5.2 Press, capable of applying sufficient force with a precision
25、 of 2 %.5.3 Balance, capable of weighing at least 10 g with a resolution of 0,001 g.5.4 Micrometer, or other suitable measuring device for measuring the dimensions of ceramic powder compacts with a resolution of 0,01 mm.6 Sampling6.1 In general, the powder should be tested in the as-received conditi
26、on. In certain instances, the powder can be dried. If the powder is required to be dried, it should be dried at (110 5)C for at least 24 h and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator until the test is performed. If the powder contains organic additives or volatile substances, it should not be dri
27、ed.6.2 Should there be any treatment (e.g. drying) of the powder before the test, it shall be recorded in the test report.7 Procedure7.1 QuantityThe quantity of the test sample shall be chosen to give the required number of powder compacts with dimensions as specified in 5.1. Per compaction pressure
28、, three powder compacts shall be pressed (see 7.6). If necessary, preliminary tests should be made in order to establish the quantity of powder which is needed for fulfilling this requirement.7.2 Cleaning of die and punchesWipe the die cavity and the punches, for example, with a soft clean paper tow
29、el soaked with an appropriate solvent such as acetone. Allow the solvent to evaporate.7.3 Powder testing conditions7.3.1 Powders which do not contain a lubricant shall be compacted eithera) in a dry die,NOTE Seizure and excessive die wear can occur, particularly, at high compaction pressures.b) in a
30、 die with lubricated walls (see 7.4.2),c) in a dry die, after mixing a lubricant with the powder (see 7.4.3), andd) in the as-received state.7.3.2 Powders which contain a lubricant shall be compacted in a dry die.2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)7.4 Lubrication7.4.1 Lu
31、brication of the die walls or of the powder is likely to modify the compaction results. Similarly, depending on the type and the quantity of lubricant added to the powder, the results can vary within wide ranges. The test report (see Clause 9) shall therefore mention whether or not lubrication had t
32、aken place, and if the lubrication was carried out on the walls of the die or on the powder.Use one of the following two methods (see 7.4.2 and 7.4.3) if lubrication is applied.7.4.2 In order to lubricate the die wall, apply a mixture or a solution of a lubricant in the volatile organic liquid, for
33、example, 20 g of stearic acid in 980 g of acetone. After any excess liquid has been drained away, allow the solution adhering to the walls to evaporate leaving a thin layer of lubricant.Alternatively, press inert spheres (for example, polyurethane spheres) coated with lubricant in the die before tes
34、ting. After removal of the pressed disc of inert material, a thin layer of lubricant remains on the walls of the die.7.4.3 Lubricate the powder to be tested by thoroughly mixing it with a quantity 0,1 wt% to 3,0 wt% of a suitable solid lubricant (for example, zinc stearate or stearic acid).7.5 Compa
35、ction and ejection7.5.1 Insert the lower punch into the die in order to leave a free volume in the die large enough to contain the ceramic powder see Figure 2(a).7.5.2 Pour the powder into the die and level off to a uniform filling height see Figure 2(a).7.5.3 Wipe the wall of the die to remove any
36、powder that can adhere to it during filling of the die.7.5.4 Insert the upper punch into the die see Figure 2(b).7.5.5 Position the die with its upper and lower punches between the plate ends of the press. Apply and release a preliminary pressure. The pressure shall be lower than the lowest pressure
37、 used in the test.Apply the selected test pressure and maintain for at least 10 s see Figure 2(c).The apparent density of the powder compact depends on the displacement speed of the punch and the rate of increase of the force, respectively. Therefore, the displacement speed of the punch or the rate
38、of increase of the force shall be recorded in the test report.NOTE Taking into account the different press technologies (mode 1 and mode 2), it is difficult to specify a rate of increase of the force as well as the displacement speed of the punch. At least one of these parameters is to be mentioned
39、on the test report.7.5.6 Perform decompression slowly (for example, 10 mm/min) to avoid breaking the powder compact.7.5.7 Pull out the upper punch from the die.7.5.8 Eject the powder compact by using a relative movement between the die and the lower punch see Figure 2(d). Weigh the mass of the powde
40、r compact to the nearest 0,001 g, and measure the dimensions of the powder compact to the nearest 0,01 mm in a time range between about 10 s to 100 s after ejection.NOTE Spring-back is an important component of compaction behaviour. This value can be calculated using the inside diameter of the die a
41、nd the measured outside diameter of the powder compact. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)7.6 Compaction pressuresFor plotting the compaction curve of the powder at different pressures, the pressures applied could include 25 MPa, 50 MPa, 100 MPa, and 200 MPa. If compact
42、ion properties are to be determined at a single pressure only, this pressure should be one of the pressures given above.8 Expression of results8.1 CalculationThe apparent density of the powder compact is given by Formula (1):a= m / V (1)Calculate the apparent density in g/cm3to the nearest 0,01 g/cm
43、3.Express the compaction properties for a given compacting pressure as the average of the three apparent densities, obtained at the specified pressure.8.2 Compaction curveDraw the compaction curve of the powder through points representing the average of determinants of aat each of the specified pres
44、sures (the variation in apparent density of powder compacts as a function of compressive pressure), as shown in Figure 3.9 Test reportThe test report shall be in accordance with the reporting provisions of ISO/IEC 17025 and shall contain the following information if available:a) the name of the test
45、ing establishment;b) the date of the test, report identification and number, operator, and signatory;c) the temperature and relative humidity in laboratory;d) a reference to this International Standard (i.e. ISO 17172);e) all details for identification of the ceramic powder (material type, manufactu
46、rer, batch or code number);f) the pre-treatment condition of granulated or ungranulated ceramic powder;g) the type, nature, and amount of lubricant and any other organic additives used in the test, including:1) lubrication of the die walls, or no lubrication;2) lubrication of the powder, or no lubri
47、cation (state how the lubrication has been added);3) other organic additives;h) all details for identification of the press (type, model) and the die (inside diameter, material);i) the pressing mode (mode 1 or mode 2);j) the compacting pressures;k) the displacement speed of the punch (or the rate of
48、 increase of the force);l) the dimensions, mass, and apparent density of the powder compacts;4 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)m) the result obtained including the compaction curve;n) the details of any occurrence which could have affected the result;o) the comments abo
49、ut the test or test results.123uni230025uni230045uni2300100H= 60 - 8016(a) DieA0,01AAuni23000,0145uni230025uni230024uni2300501,62,51,615152 45lR5(b) Upper and lower punchKey1 ejection cone (height: 5 mm; increase of diameter: app. 1 %)2 shrink ring3 hard material4 upper punch, l = H - 105 lower punch, l = H + 35Figure 1 Example of cylindrical die and punches ISO 2014 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 17172:2014ISO 17172:2014(E)1 23(a) (b)(c) (d)Key1 powder2 ejection cone3 spacerFigure 2 Diagram of compaction and ejection6
