1、BS ISO 18457:2016Biomimetics Biomimeticmaterials, structures andcomponentsBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 18457:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18457:2016.The UK participation in its p
2、reparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee AMT/-/4, Biomimetics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplicatio
3、n. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 81319 1ICS 07.080Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30
4、 September 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 18457:2016 ISO 2016Biomimetics Biomimetic materials, structures and componentsBiomimtisme Matriaux, structures et composants biomimtiquesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18457First edition2016-09-15Reference num
5、berISO 18457:2016(E)BS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electr
6、onic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier,
7、 Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Abbreviated terms 35 Biological materials. 35.1 Characteristics . 35.1.1 General 35.1.2 B
8、iological materials: multifunctional, fault-tolerant, modular, and adaptive . 55.1.3 Technical components: monofunctional, durable, with a limited ability to adapt 55.2 Performances . 66 Methodology of biomimetic material and component development .146.1 Analysis. 146.2 Examination of analogies 156.
9、3 Abstraction 166.3.1 General. 166.3.2 Modeling and simulation . 176.4 Material selection 187 Reasons and occasions for using biomimetic materials, structures, and components in companies 18Annex A (informative) Examples of biomimetic materials, structures, and components .20Annex B (informative) An
10、alytical methods .31Bibliography .36 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standar
11、ds is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take
12、 part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In part
13、icular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of t
14、his document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see ww
15、w.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to th
16、e World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 266, Biomimetics.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)IntroductionThe increasing
17、 complexity of technical solutions and products requires new approaches. Classic research and development methods and innovation approaches often reach their limits, especially in the development and optimization of materials, structures, and components. The identification of suitable biological pri
18、nciples and their transfer to technical applications in the sense of biomimetics, therefore, can make an important contribution to the development of functional, adaptive, efficient (in terms of resources), and safe (in terms of toxicity to humans and the environment) materials, structures, componen
19、ts and manufacturing techniques. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18457:2016BS ISO 18457:2016Biomimetics Biomimetic materials, structures and components1 ScopeThis International Standard provides a framework of biomimetics for the development of materials, structures, surfaces, components, and m
20、anufacturing technologies.This International Standard specifies the principles of biological systems, and especially the performance of biological materials, structures, surfaces, components, and manufacturing technologies that provide the motivation and reasons for biomimetic approaches. It specifi
21、es the methodology based on analysis of biological systems, which lead to analogies, and abstractions. The transfer process from biology to technology is described based on examples of biomimetic materials, structures, surfaces, components, and manufacturing technologies. This International Standard
22、 describes measurement methods and parameters for the characterization of properties of biomimetic materials. This International Standard provides information on the relevance of biomimetic materials, structures, surfaces, components, and manufacturing technologies for industry.This International St
23、andard also links to other subareas in biomimetics because fundamental developments in materials, structures, surfaces, components, and manufacturing technologies often form the basis for a wide variety of additional innovations. It provides guidance and support for all those who develop, design, pr
24、ocess, or use biomimetic materials, structures, surfaces, components, and manufacturing technologies. This International Standard can also serve for those who want to learn about and investigate these topics.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenc
25、ed in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 18458, Biomimetics Terminology, concepts and methodology3 Terms and defini
26、tionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18458 and the following apply.3.1adaptivityability to adapt to variable environmental conditions3.2efficiencyrelationship between the useful outputs to all inputs of a system3.3generative manufacturing processmanufacturin
27、g process in which three-dimensional components are produced, for instance, by applying material layer-by-layerNote 1 to entry: These technologies can be used in four different levels of manufacturing: Concept model (additive manufacturing): A mechanical load cannot be applied to these models and th
28、ey only serve to provide a three-dimensional view.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18457:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E) Functional models (additive manufacturing): These models have properties similar to those available in the components manufactured later on in m
29、ass-production. Tools (rapid tooling): Tools are created that can be combined with other manufacturing processes. Low volume production (rapid manufacturing): The properties of the geometries manufactured correspond to those desired in actual use.3.4gradient transitiongradual transitiondirection-dep
30、endent, continuous change of a chemical, physical, or mechanical propertyNote 1 to entry: Biological materials are often characterized by gradual transitions in terms of their physical and mechanical properties, which are achieved through structural changes at various hierarchical levels, among othe
31、r things.3.5compatibilityrecyclability and adaptability of a material flow or a technology in the environment3.6modularitycomposition of an overall system from individual modules3.7multifunctionalitystructure and properties of a material and component allowing several functions necessary for the org
32、anism or technically desired to be realized at a high level and in equilibrium3.8redundancyexistence of functionally comparable systems, whereby one system alone is sufficient to maintain the corresponding function (multiplicity in systems)3.9resiliencefault tolerancetolerance of a system to malfunc
33、tions or capacity to recover functionality after stress3.10Self-X propertyproperty and information existing in a material or on a surface proceed processes autonomously without requiring special controlNote 1 to entry: Self-X properties are widespread in biological materials and surfaces and are of
34、great interest for transfer to technical products. Examples include self-organization, self-assembly, self-repair, self-healing, self-cleaning, and self-sharpening.3.11stereoregularitytacticitycertain geometric regularity in the molecular structure of polymer chainsNote 1 to entry: Macromolecular ma
35、terials with identical chemical compositions can have significantly different mechanical properties due to differences in the spatial arrangement of their atoms and groups of atoms. In chemical production techniques, the molecular geometry of polymer chains is determined during polymerization by the
36、 reaction temperature selected and the catalyst used.Note 2 to entry: A classic example from nature is polyisoprene, which can be elastic (natural rubber), as well as hard (balata, gutta-percha).2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)4 Abbreviated termsAES Auger Electron Spe
37、ctroscopyAFM Atomic Force MicroscopeCT Computed TomographyDSC Differential Scanning CalorimetryDTA Differential Thermal AnalysisGC Gas ChromatographyGC-MS/MS Gas Chromatography-tandem Mass SpectrometryGPC Gel Permeation ChromatographyHPLC High performance liquid chromatographyIR Infrared Spectroscop
38、yLC-MS/MS Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass SpectrometryMALDI-MS Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass SpectrometryNMR Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceOM Optical microscopeSEM Scanning Electron MicroscopeSEM-EDS Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersion SpectroscopySIM Structured Illuminat
39、ion MicroscopySIMS Secondary Ion Mass SpectrometrySPM Scanning Probe MicroscopeTEM Transmission Electron MicroscopeTOF-SIMS Time-of-Flight Secondary Mass SpectrometryUVVIS Ultra Violet VisibleXPS X-ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyXRF X-ray Fluorescence Analysis5 Biological materials5.1 Characteristics
40、5.1.1 GeneralThe terms material and structure sometimes have different meanings in biology and in technology. Classic technical materials are often considered to be homogeneous, so that it is reasonable and permissible to assume in calculations and for manufacturing purposes that the model is isotro
41、pic. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 18457:2016ISO 18457:2016(E)Technical materials rely mostly on chemistry for their properties whereas biological materials rely on structure and are almost invariably composite.Owing to their hierarchical structure from the molecular to the macroscopic level,
42、 it is not possible to clearly distinguish between the terms “material” and “structure” in the field of biology. For this reason, the term “material” is used in the following as a general term for all biological materials with their respective structures.Some characteristics of biological materials
43、that are relevant to biomimetic implementations are listed in Table 1.Table 1 Characteristics of biological materialsCharacteristics Biological Example ExplanationsPropertiesMultifunctionality Wood: integration of water pipes, strength, damping, storage, among other thingsBiological materials are of
44、ten multicriteria-optimized and possess a high-function density, and they often combine supposedly conflicting functions.Hierarchy Wood: at least five structural levels, from the molecular structure of the cell wall to the structure of the tree trunkA special feature of the hierarchical design of bi
45、ological materials is that structural or (bio) chemical changes in one level lead to specific adaptations in the other hierarchy levels. This level spanning adaptability permits a wide variety of different functions.Fault and failure tolerance (resilience and redundancy)Bones: ample breaking strengt
46、h, tolerance to micro-cracks, crack stoppersBiological materials can handle a high level of faults and damage before they fail as a whole.Self-X Rubber tree: self-repair Biological materials are able to generate and maintain their complex functions autonomously, meaning, without external control.Tee
47、th of rodents: self-sharpeningSurface of leaves: self-cleaningAdaptivity Bones: load adaptivity Biological materials can react to changes in environmental conditions by changing their form or through growth and restructuring processes.Plant motion: for example, nastic movements and tropismCompatibil
48、ity Walls of plant cells: consist almost exclusively of carbon, oxygen and hydrogenAvailability/biodegradability of the biological build-ing blocks.The waste products produced are rarely pollutants. The waste products are in fact biodegradable and recyclable.Modularity Organization of organs: compos
49、ition of several different tissuesRepetition of identical basic units at different hierarchical levels.Lifespan according to needsTree: dropping of leaves Important properties are maintained through renewal. The lifespans of individual components match, and the components are renewed.Gradual transitions Many biological materials, for example, plant stems (e.g. fibre/substrate tissue transitions), long bones (such as cortical/cancellous bone transitions), bone/tendon/ muscle transitionsPrevention of sudden transitions between properties to i
