1、BS ISO 18589-3:2015Incorporating corrigendum July 2016BS ISO 18589-3:2015Measurement of radioactivityin the environment SoilPart 3: Test method of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma-rayspectrometryBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 18589-3:2
2、015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18589-3:2015. It supersedes BS ISO 18589-3:2007 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizatio
3、ns represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN
4、 978 0 580 95260 9ICS 13.080.01; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text a
5、ffected31 July 2016 Implementation of ISO corrected text 1 December 2015: Formula (4) corrected ISO 2015Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 3: Test method of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma-ray spectrometryMesurage de la radioactivit dans lenvironnement Sol Partie 3: M
6、thode dessai des radionuclides metteurs gamma par spectromtrie gammaINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18589-3Second edition2015-02-15Reference numberISO 18589-3:2015(E)Corrected version2015-12-01ISO 18589-3:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandA
7、ll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested
8、from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18589-3:2015ISO 18589-3:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction
9、 v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and symbols 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols . 24 Principle 25 Gamma-spectrometry equipment 36 Sample container . 47 Procedure. 47.1 Packaging of samples for measuring purposes . 47.2 Laboratory background level . 57.3 Calibration 57
10、.3.1 Energy calibration 57.3.2 Efficiency calibration 57.4 Measurements of and corrections for natural radionuclides . 68 Expression of results 68.1 Calculation of the activity per unit of mass 68.1.1 General 68.1.2 Decay corrections 78.1.3 Self-absorption correction 78.1.4 Summation effects or coin
11、cidence losses corrections . 88.2 Standard uncertainty . 88.3 Decision threshold . 98.4 Detection limit . 98.5 Confidence limits 108.6 Corrections for contributions from other radionuclides and background 108.6.1 General. 108.6.2 Contribution from other radionuclides .108.6.3 Contribution from backg
12、round 129 Test report 12Annex A (informative) Calculation of the activity per unit mass from a gamma spectrum using a linear background subtraction 14Annex B (informative) Analysis of natural radionuclides in soil samples using gamma spectrometry 16Bibliography .22 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiCo
13、ntents PageBS ISO 18589-3:2015ISO 18589-3:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each m
14、ember body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
15、Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different typ
16、es of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be
17、held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is informat
18、ion given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the
19、following URL: Foreword Supplementary information .The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18589-3:2007), wh
20、ich has been technically revised.ISO 18589 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil: Part 1: General guidelines and definitions Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samples Part
21、 3: Test method of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma-ray spectrometry Part 4: Measurement of plutonium isotopes (plutonium 238 and plutonium 239 + 240) by alpha spectrometry Part 5: Measurement of strontium 90 Part 6: Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activities Part 7: In situ measur
22、ement of gamma-emitting radionuclidesThis corrected version of ISO 18589-3:2015 incorporates a correction to Formula (4).iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-3:2015ISO 18589-3:2015(E)IntroductionThis part of ISO 18589 is published in several parts to be used jointly or separately according to
23、 needs. ISO 18589-1 to ISO 18589-6, concerning the measurements of radioactivity in the soil, have been prepared simultaneously. These parts are complementary and are addressed to those responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soils. The first two parts are general in nature. ISO 185
24、89-3 to ISO 18589-5 deal with radionuclide-specific measurements and ISO 18589-6 with non-specific measurements of gross alpha or gross beta activities. ISO 18589-7 deals with the measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides using in situ spectrometry.Additional parts can be added to ISO 18589 in the
25、 future if the standardization of the measurement of other radionuclides becomes necessary. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18589-3:2015BS ISO 18589-3:2015Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 3: Test method of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma-ray spectrometry1 Scope
26、This part of ISO 18589 specifies the identification and the measurement of the activity in soils of a large number of gamma-emitting radionuclides using gamma spectrometry. This non-destructive method, applicable to large-volume samples (up to about 3 000 cm3), covers the determination in a single m
27、easurement of all the -emitters present for which the photon energy is between 5 keV and 3 MeV.This part of ISO 18589 can be applied by test laboratories performing routine radioactivity measurements as a majority of gamma-emitting radionuclides is characterized by gamma-ray emission between 40 keV
28、and 2 MeV.The method can be implemented using a germanium or other type of detector with a resolution better than 5 keV.This part of ISO 18589 is addressed to people responsible for determining gamma-emitting radionuclides activity present in soils for the purpose of radiation protection. It is suit
29、able for the surveillance of the environment and the inspection of a site and allows, in case of accidents, a quick evaluation of gamma activity of soil samples. This might concern soils from gardens, farmland, urban or industrial sites that can contain building materials rubble, as well as soil not
30、 affected by human activities.When the radioactivity characterization of the unsieved material above 200 m or 250 m, made of petrographic nature or of anthropogenic origin such as building materials rubble, is required, this material can be crushed in order to obtain a homogeneous sample for testing
31、 as described in ISO 18589-2.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced d
32、ocument (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10703, Water quality Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometryISO 11074, Soil quality VocabularyISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limi
33、t and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO 18589-1, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 1: General guidelines and definitionsISO 18589-2, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 2: Guidance f
34、or the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samplesISO 80000-10, Quantities and units Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physicsIEC 61452, Nuclear instrumentation Measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides Calibration and use of germanium spectrometerINTERNATIONAL
35、 STANDARD ISO 18589-3:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18589-3:2015ISO 18589-3:2015(E)ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and de
36、finitions given in ISO 10703, ISO 11074, ISO 18589-1 and ISO 80000-10 apply.3.2 Symbolsm mass of the test portion, in kilogramsA activity of each radionuclide in the calibration source, at the calibration time, in becquerela, acactivity, in becquerel per kilogram, per unit of mass of each radionucli
37、de, without and with correctionstgsample spectrum counting time, in secondst0ambient background spectrum counting time, in secondstscalibration spectrum counting time, in secondsnN,E, nN0,E, nNs,Enumber of counts in the net area of the peak, at energy, E, in the sample spectrum, in the background sp
38、ectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyng,E, ng0,E, ngs,Enumber of counts in the gross area of the peak, at energy, E, in the sample spectrum, in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelynb,E, nb0,E, nbs,Enumber of counts in the background of the peak, at ene
39、rgy, E, in the sample spectrum, in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyEefficiency of the detector at energy, E, with the actual measurement geometryPEprobability of the emission of gamma radiation with energy, E, for each radionuclide, per decay1(E), 2(E) linear att
40、enuation coefficient at photon energy, E, of the sample and calibration source, respectively, per centimetrem,i(E) mass attenuation coefficient, in square centimetres per gram, at photon energy, E, of ele-ment ih height of the sample in the container, in centimetreswimass fraction of element i (no u
41、nit) bulk density, in grams per cubic centimetre, of the sample decay constant of each radionuclide, per secondu(a), u(ac) standard uncertainty, in becquerel per kilogram, associated with the measurement result, with and without corrections, respectivelyU expanded uncertainty, in becquerel per kilog
42、ram, calculated by U = k .u (a) with k = 1, 2, aa*,cdecision threshold, in becquerel per kilogram, for each radionuclide, without and with corrections, respectivelyaa#,cdetection limit, in becquerel per kilogram, for each radionuclide, without and with correc-tions, respectivelyaatrianglerighttriang
43、leleft,lower and upper limits of the confidence interval, for each radionuclide, in becquerel per kilogram4 PrincipleThe activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides present in the soil samples is determined using gamma spectrometry techniques based on the analysis of the energies and the peak areas of
44、the full-energy 2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18589-3:2015ISO 18589-3:2015(E)peaks of the gamma lines. These techniques allow the identification and the quantification of the radionuclides.12The nature and geometry of the detectors as well as the samples call for appropriate energy and effici
45、ency calibrations.12Both coincidence and random summation effects need to be considered, particularly with container sitting directly on the detector and Marinelli type container, high activity levels or with well-type detectors used to measure small-mass samples (see 8.1.4).NOTE ISO 18589 deals exc
46、lusively with gamma spectrometry using semiconductor detectors.5 Gamma-spectrometry equipmentGamma-spectrometry equipment generally consists of a semiconductor detector with a cooling system (liquid nitrogen, cryogenic assembly, etc.), a shield, consisting of lead and/or other materials, against amb
47、ient radiation, appropriate electronics (high-voltage power supply; signal-amplification system; an analogue-to-digital converter), a multi-channel amplitude analyser, and a computer to display the measurement spectra and to process the data.The semiconductor detectors generally used are made of hig
48、h-purity germanium crystals (HP Ge). The type and geometry of these detectors determine their field of application. For example, when detecting photons with an energy below 400 keV, the use of detectors with a thin crystal is recommended in order to limit interference from high-energy photons. Howev
49、er, it is better to use a large-volume, P-type coaxial detector to measure high-energy photons (above 200 keV) or an N-type coaxial detector to detect both low- and high-energy radiation.At the level of natural radioactivity, it is advantageous for the measurement to use an ultra-low-level measuring instrument, i.e. a set-up arranged with a choice of materials for the detector and shielding that guarantees a very low background level. This includes very low-noise electronic preamplifiers
