1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 18910:2000 ICS 37.
2、040.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Imaging materials Photographic film and paper Determination of curlThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority o
3、f the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 July 2000 BSI 07-2000 ISBN 0 580 36013 X BS ISO 18910:2000 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 18910:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. It sup
4、ersedes BS ISO 4330:1994 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/42, Photography, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the inter
5、pretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards whi
6、ch implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does n
7、ot purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside
8、front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 11 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Referencenumber ISO18910:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18910 Firstedition 2000-05-15 ImagingmaterialsPhotographicfilma
9、nd paperDeterminationofcurl Matriaux pour limage Films et papiers photographiques Dtermination de lincurvationISO18910:2000(E) ii ISO18910:2000(E)iii Contents Page Foreword.iv 1 Scope1 2 Termsanddefinitions.1 3 Samplingandconditioning.3 4 TestmethodA3 5 TestmethodB4 6 TestmethodC7 7 Testreport7 Anne
10、xA(informative)NumberingsystemforrelatedInternationalStandards9 Bibliography11ISO18910:2000(E) iv Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechni
11、cal committees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnical Commi
12、ssion(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting. PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalb
13、yatleast75%.ofthememberbodiescastingavote. AttentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisInternationalStandardmaybethesubjectof patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights. InternationalStandardISO18910waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC42, Photogra
14、phy. ThisfirsteditioncancelsandreplacesthethirdeditionofISO4330:1994,ofwhichitconstitutesaminorrevision. AnnexAofthisInternationalStandardisforinformationonly.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO18910:2000(E)1 ImagingmaterialsPhotographicfilmandpaper Determinationofcurl 1 Scope ThisInternationalStandardspecifi
15、esmethodsfordeterminingandquantitativelyexpressingthecurlcharacteristics ofunprocessedandprocessedphotographicfilmandpaperinsheet,rollorstripformats. Itspecifiesthreemeasuringmethods:methodAinvolvesthedeterminationofcurlwhenthespecimenisheldina verticalposition,methodsBandCwiththespecimeninahorizont
16、alposition.Thevaluesforthethreemethodsare notcomparablebecauseofthedifferencesinspecimenconfigurationandsize. Thesemethodsarenotintendedforuseindeterminingthecurlcharacteristicsofphotographicmaterialsduring processingordrying. 2 Termsanddefinitions ForthepurposesofthisInternationalStandard,thefollow
17、ingtermsanddefinitionsapply. 2.1 curl departurefromphysicalflatnessandcharacterizedwithrespecttocurldirection(L,T,DorC),curlsign(+or)and curlvalue Thisflatnessdefectisevidentbyatendencyoffilmorpapertocoilintoacylindricalshape. 2.2 curldirection meansofidentifyingbyletterL,T,DorCthedirectionofcurlabo
18、utaspecificaxisofaspecimencorrespondingto thatofthesamplefromwhichitistaken SeeFigure1. NOTE L represents“lengthwisecurl“abouttheaxisperpendiculartothelengthormachinedirectionofthespecimenforrolls ortothelongerspecimendimensionforsheets;analternativeapproachwhenthemachinedirectionisnotknownis torefe
19、rencethecurldirectiontoafilmnotch,ifpresent T represents“transversecurl“abouttheaxisparalleltothelengthormachinedirectionofthespecimen D represents“diagonalcurl“aboutthediagonalofthespecimen C represents“cupping“whenallfourcornersofthespecimenareraisedandbenttowardsthecentreofthespecimen 2.3 curlsig
20、n mathematicalsign,+or,usedtoindicatethedirectionofcurlwhich,iftowardtheemulsion(sensitized)side (emulsion-in)isplus(+),oriftowardthebase(emulsion-out)isminus() NOTE Thesignisalwaysplusformaterialssensitizedonbothsurfaces.ISO18910:2000(E) 2 Key 1 Cross-machinedirectionorwidthwisedirection 2 Machined
21、irectionorlengthwisedirection 3 Transversecurl(Tcurl) 4 Longitudinalcurl(Lcurl) 5 Diagonalcurl(Dcurl) 6 Cuppingcurl(Ccurl) Figure1CurldirectionISO18910:2000(E)3 3 Samplingandconditioning 3.1 Selectionofsamples Materialintendedforcurltestsshallberepresentativeofthewholeofthesamplesbeingtested,exhibit
22、noobvious physicaldefects,behandledinthesamemannerasinactualuse,andbetreateduniformly. Whendifferentmaterialsaretobecompared,theyshallhavebeensubjectedtothesamerelative-humidityhistory forsimilartimes. Themachinedirectionshallbeindicated,ifknown,bycrayonorinkmarking. 3.2 Handlingofspecimens Prepares
23、pecimensundercontrolledrelative-humidityconditions,andthenseparatethemintogroupswhichareto besubjectedtodifferentatmosphericconditions. Wearcottonorothersuitableglovesorusepincerswhilehandlingspecimens.Moisturefromhandsorfingerswill reducetheaccuracyoftestdata.Theoperatorshalltakecarenottobreathonth
24、especimens. 3.3 Conditioningofspecimens Conditionspecimensatthechosenrelativehumidityuntilpracticalmoistureequilibriumhasbeenreached.Inmost instances,thistimewillbeabout2hforphotographicfilms,1dforphotographicfibrebasepapersand7dforRC (resincoated)papers. Atrelativehumiditiesof70%andabove,filmsandpa
25、perssometimesundergoan irreversiblechangeincurlwithtime.Forthisreason,theconditioningtimemustbestandardizedforcomparison purposes. Excessiveconditioningtimesmayresultinacurldecreaseduetorelaxationeffects. Suspendthespecimensfreelybymeansofahookorarodthroughaholeclosetothecentreofoneedge,and separate
26、enoughtopreventcontactwitheachother.Hangsquarespecimenswiththeaxisofcurlverticaltoavoid producingdistortion.Analternativemethodofsupportistoplacespecimenshorizontallyonnet-coveredorscreen- coveredracksspacedsothatthereisfreecirculationofair. 3.4 Testconditions Atemperatureof23 o C 2 o Cisspecified.R
27、elativehumiditiesof15%,30%,50%,70%and85%aresuggested butarenotmandatory.Testscanbeconductedingloveboxesorinconditionedrooms;thelatterarepreferable sincetheycanprovidebetterhumiditycontrol. Thecurlvaluemaybeinfluencedbythemoisturehistoryofthematerial.Thismaybestandardizedbyaninitial preconditioningst
28、epat50%relativehumidity. 4 TestmethodA 4.1 Fieldofapplication Thismethodisintendedmainlyforsamplesoffilmorpaperinsheetformorinrollswhichdonotshowcupping,but curlinonlytheL,TorDdirections. 4.2 Specimensize Prepareatleastthreesquarespecimens,measuringfrom50mmx50mmto100mmx100mm,fromeach sampletobeteste
29、d.Alternatively,circularspecimensmeasuringfrom50mmto100mmindiametercanbeused. Indicatethemachinedirection,ifknown.ISO18910:2000(E) 4 Foranalyticalpurposes,orforspecimensthatshowcuppingorvaryingcurlalongthelengthorwidth,specimens measuring50mmx5mmcanbeused,withthespecimencutinboththeLandTdirections.
30、4.3 Unitofcurlmeasurement Thecurlvaluesareexpressedas1/R, where R is the radius of curvature in metres. 4.4 Apparatus 4.4.1 Curl-boardtemplate,markedoffwithcurvescorrespondingtovariousvaluesofthereciprocalradius.It maybeoneofseveralformats(seeFigure2). 4.4.2 Specimenclamp,consistingoftwoverticalmemb
31、ersofwhichtheonefacingtheconcavesideofthe specimenshallbeapproximately3mminradius.Innocaseshallthisradiusexceedtheradiusofthecurled specimen. 4.5 Procedure Attheendoftheconditioningperiodandwithoutremovingthespecimensfromtheconditionedatmosphere,secure eachspecimenaboveorbelowthetemplate(4.4.1)bycla
32、mpingsothattheaxisofcurlisvertical.Atleast10mm offilmshouldbeheldwithintheclamp(4.4.2). Filmsoflowstiffnessmayrequirealargerclampedareatoavoiddroopingduetogravity. Notethecurlvalueofthecurvemostnearlycoincidingwiththecurlofthespecimen. 5 TestmethodB 5.1 Fieldofapplication Thismethodisintendedforlong
33、lengthsoffilminrollform.Itprovidesameansformeasuringcurlasitisfoundin use. Thecurlismeasuredonlyinthecross-direction.Itispurelyapracticaltypeofmeasurementandisnotintendedto distinguishthefactorsthatcausecurl. 5.2 Specimensize Testspecimensinstandardwidths,e.g.8mm,16mm,32mm,35mm,70mm,105mm,etc.Select
34、atleastthree specimensfromeachsampletobetested. Thespecimenlengthshouldbeatleastsixtimesthefilmwidth. 5.3 Apparatus 5.3.1 Suitabledepthorheightgauge,graduatedinmillimetres,capableofreadingtheedgecurloffilmstrips (seeFigure3). 5.4 Procedure Placethestripstobemeasuredonahorizontalsurfaceattheendofthec
35、onditioningperiod,withoutremoving themfromtheconditioningatmosphere.Ifnecessary,holdthestripdownateachend.ISO18910:2000(E)5 Arrangetheclamptoholdtheedgeofthefilmonalinenormaltothecurvesmakingupthemeasuringtemplate. Thesecurvesmaybecomputedasdefinedin4.3. a)TypeI b)TypeII Key 1 Transparenttemplate 2B
36、aseplate 3 Sample 4 Sampleholder 5 Verticalsupport Figure2Curl-boardtemplatesformeasuringcurlinaccordancewithtestmethodAISO18910:2000(E) 6 Figure3DevicesforreadingedgecurloffilmstripsfortestmethodB Measuretheedgecurlusingthedepthorheightgauge(5.3.1).Theprecisionrequiredwiththismethoddepends uponthef
37、ilmwidth.Asaguide,readingscanbemadetothenearest0,20mmfor35mmfilm,0,04mmfor16mm film,and0,02mmfor8mmfilm.Sensitivityfor8mmfilmisnotashighasforwiderfilm,anditisverydifficultto makereadingstoaprecisionof0,02mm. Widthwisefilmcurlcanbemeasuredeitherconcavesideuporconvexsideup,dependingonthetypeofdevice u
38、sed.AdepthgaugeandaheightgaugeareshowninuseinFigure3.ISO18910:2000(E)7 Theheightgaugeillustratedcanmeasurefilmineitherconfiguration,butdepthgaugesarelimitedtoconcave-up measurements.Suchmeasurementsmaybeconvertedtrigonometricallyintounitsofreciprocalradius Therelationshipbetweentheheightoftheedgecur
39、l(H),theradius(R)andthefilmwidth(W)isgivenbythe formula I R W RH (cos )1 90 1 wherethecosinevalueisindegrees. Forsmallcurlvalues,thiscanbeapproximatedby1/R 8H/W 2 . Makethreemeasurementsinthismanneralongthespecimenlengthandtakethearithmeticmeanasthefilmcurl. Donotmakemeasurementscloserthan100mmtothe
40、endsofthespecimen. 6 TestmethodC 6.1 Fieldofapplication Thismethodisintendedforfilmorpaper(insheetformormicrofiche).Itprovidesameansofmeasuringcurlin eitherthewidthdirectionorlengthdirectionofthesample.Thisisapracticaltypeofmeasurementandcombines theeffectsofcurlwithgravity.Thisoccurswhenphotographi
41、cmaterialisplacedonahorizontalsurface. 6.2 Specimensize Testspecimensinstandarddistributionmicroficheorsheetsizes.Selectatleastthreespecimensfromeach sampletobetested. 6.3 Procedure Placethesheetstobemeasuredconcavesideupwardonatableattheendoftheconditioningperiodandwithout removingthemfromthecondit
42、ionedatmosphere.Measurethedistancebetweeneachofthefourcornersofthe specimenandthetableinmillimetrestothenearestmillimetre. Calculatethemeanofthesefourmeasurements 1.DesignatethedirectionofcurlasL,TorD,orindicateasC 2 . NOTE Difficultycanbeexperiencedinmeasuringtheaveragecurlvalueofdistortedsamples.
43、Theresultsobtainedareinfluencedbythespecimendimensions.Resultsbetweensamplescanonlybecompared ifthespecimensizesareidentical. 7 Testreport 7.1 Testdata Thetestreportshallincludethefollowinginformation: a) referencetothisInternationalStandard; 1 Inmicroficheapplications,themaximumheightofoneoftheedge
44、smaybecriticalincausingtransportproblems. 2 Difficultycanbeexperiencedinmeasuringtheaveragecurlvalueofdistortedsamples.ISO18910:2000(E) 8 b) samplenameandnumber; c) descriptionofspecimen(thickness,typeofsubstrate,unprocessedorprocessed); d) conditioningtime,temperatureandrelativehumidity; e) testmet
45、hod(methodA,BorC); f) averagecurlvalue,curlsign,andcurldirection(length,transverse,diagonalorcupping),andprecisionofcurl value; g) positionintherollforrollsordimensionsofspecimenforsheets. 7.2 Significance ValuesobtainedbymethodsA,BandCshouldnotbecompared. Curlisverydependentuponthespecimendimension
46、sandthesedifferforeachmethod.Moreover,methodAis readverticallyandisnotaffectedbygravity.Consequently,itrepresentsameasureoftheinherentproperty. MethodsBandCarereadhorizontallyandareinfluencedbygravityandstiffness. SincemethodCisusedformaterialinsheetformwhichmayhavelargedimensions,thespecimensmaysho
47、w moredistortionthanobservedinmethodsAandB.Becauseofthesedistortionsandthepossiblelargeeffectof gravity,thecurlinmethodCmaynotassumethearcofacircleandconsequentlycurlisnotexpressedinunitsof 1/R. WhetherornotthecurlvaluesdeterminedbythisInternationalStandardareconsideredhighforagiventypeof photograph
48、icmaterialdependsontheparticularapplication. Theacceptablevaluemayalsodependonthe camera,processingmachine,printerorviewerused,aswellasonthesizeofthesampleandwhetheritisrawor processed.ISO18910:2000(E)9 AnnexA (informative) NumberingsystemforrelatedInternationalStandards Thecurrentnumberingsystemfor
49、TC42documentsdealingwiththephysicalpropertiesandstabilityofimaging materialsisconfusingsincethefivedigitnumbersthatareusedarenotinanyconsecutiveorder.Tofacilitate rememberingthenumbers,ISOhassetasideablockofnumbersfrom18900to18999andallrevisionsandnew InternationalStandardswillbegivenanumberwithinthisblock.Thelastthreedigitswillbeidenticaltothecurrent ANSI/PIMAnumbersofpublisheddocuments.ThiswillbeadvantageoustothetechnicalexpertsfromGermany, Japan,UnitedKingdomandtheUSAwhohavepreparedthestandardandwhoarefamiliarwiththeANSI/PIMA numbers. AsthepresentIn
