1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 22274:2013Systems to manageterminology, knowledge andcontent Concept-relatedaspects for developing andinternationalizing classificationsystemsBS ISO 22274:2013 BRITISH STA
2、NDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 22274:2013.Attention is drawn to the fact that during the development of this international Standard, the UK committee voted against its approval as an international Standard.The standard makes a valuable contribution to the
3、 development of classification theory in relation to terminology, however, in the opinion of the committee, instead of harmonizing the classification techniques used in terminology, product classification and other classification, too heavy reliance is placed on more commonly used methods of product
4、 classification, which are made possible only because of the nature of products. The committee is also of the opinion that the standard does not sufficiently explain variations in terminology from ISO 1087-1:2000 to classification generally, and hence to product classification. The UK participation
5、in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TS/1, Terminology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct a
6、pplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 69089 1ICS 01.020; 35.240.60Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and S
7、trategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 22274:2013 ISO 2013Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systemsSystmes de gestion de la terminologie
8、, de la connaissance et du contenu Aspects conceptuels du dveloppement et de la localization des systmes des classementINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO22274First edition2013-01-15Reference numberISO 22274:2013(E)BS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT I
9、SO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the
10、 country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 1
11、2 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions . 24 Relations to other documents . 65 Fundamental development considerations for classification systems 65.1 General . 65.2 Application domains 75.3 Generic requirements . 85.4 Structuring principles . 85.5 Descriptive requirements .166 Terminological
12、 principles related to classification systems .186.1 General 186.2 Terminological principles related to definitions 196.3 Terminological principles related to class names 197 Concept systems and classification systems .217.1 Basic principles of concept systems 217.2 Differences between concept syste
13、ms and classification systems 237.3 Difficulties that may occur in non-concept system-based classification systems .247.4 How to use a concept system to build a classification system 268 Requirements for an internationalized classification .328.1 Motivation 328.2 Enabling multilingual environments 3
14、38.3 Class identifiers . 339 Internationalization aspects .349.1 General 349.2 Maintaining parallel concept systems 349.3 Guidelines for the creation of internationalized classification systems .3410 Localization aspects .3510.1 General 3510.2 Leading locale .3610.3 Names for classes, properties or
15、values in different locales .3610.4 Locale-specific objects, classes, properties and value domains 3610.5 Different classification criteria . 3710.6 Different intensions of concepts . 3710.7 Brand names 3810.8 Further cultural aspects . 3811 Workflow and administration issues .41Annex A (informative
16、) Descriptive information of existing classification systems 43Annex B (informative) Rules for creating hierarchies of concepts and classes 48Bibliography .50BS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national stand
17、ards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International orga
18、nizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given i
19、n the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 %
20、of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 22274 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminolo
21、gy and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 3, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E)IntroductionClassifying things is a common technique humans use to cope with the complexity of the world around us. Th
22、e role of classification systems in our daily life can hardly be overestimated.Classification systems organize content in a systematic way. They are highly influenced by their respective domain-specific terminologies and can, in turn, have an effect on those domain-specific terminologies. Classifica
23、tion systems make domain knowledge accessible to a broad audience beyond the specialists who are directly involved in that domain. Terms are established and knowledge is systematized in classification systems.In many cases, classification systems are used to structure large collections of data suppo
24、rting functions such as data mining or information retrieval. Dictionaries, libraries or catalogues, as well as web pages or retrieval systems, are examples of data collections that may benefit from being structured by classification systems.Classification systems allow people to communicate about t
25、opics by providing sets of concepts that help to reduce the complexity of the topic to a level which is manageable for their users. These concepts allow us to direct the information flow within or between software applications, to communicate with experts from different domains or to communicate wit
26、h people of different backgrounds.If the classification system is to be used in more than one linguistic community, it needs to be localized to account for the languages, social conventions, and cultures of its users. To facilitate localization, the classification system needs to be designed so that
27、 it is clear, easy to use, and otherwise prepared to be localized.This International Standard provides advice on how to design classification systems and how to express their content so that they are adaptable to different linguistic environments. This International Standard complements existing doc
28、uments, e.g. ISO/IECGuide77,19ISO 13584,9IEC 61360,18ISO 22745,15and ISO/IEC 11179.7 ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 22274:2013BS ISO 22274:2013Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content Concept-related aspects for developing and internationalizing classification systems1 ScopeThis In
29、ternational Standard establishes basic principles and requirements for ensuring that classification systems are suitable for worldwide application, considering such aspects as cultural and linguistic diversity as well as market requirements. By applying principles relating to terminology work, this
30、International Standard provides guidelines for creating, handling, and using classification systems for international environments.This International Standard addresses the need in many domains for classification systems that are concept based to ensure that they are suitable for worldwide use and c
31、an be adapted to specific user communities. It provides information about the design, development, and use of classification systems that are fully enabled for diverse linguistic, cultural, and market-based environments.This International Standard primarily specifies the factors that need to be cons
32、idered when creating and populating a classification system for use in diverse linguistic environments. These factors include the specification of principles for incorporating internationalization aspects into classification systems, and maintaining and using those aspects for the structuring of act
33、ivities, products, services, agents, and other entities of a company or organization.The following are within the scope of this International Standard:a) guidelines on information content to support internationalization of classification systems and their underlying concept systems;b) terminological
34、 principles applicable to classification systems;c) requirements for internationalization of classification systems;d) considerations on workflow and administration of classification system content to support worldwide use.The following are outside the scope of this International Standard: providing
35、 formal data models for representing classification systems in machine-readable form; prescribing classification system content for specific business domains or products; harmonization of classification systems.This International Standard is intended for those who develop content for classification
36、systems. This includes terminologists and content managers who are called upon to apply the principles of terminology work to ensure that cultural and linguistic diversity are appropriately reflected in classification systems. It is also relevant for people who design and model appropriate IT tools.
37、NOTE Formal data models for implementation of classification systems in information technology environments can be obtained from technical committees such as ISO/TC 184 or IEC/TC 3.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22274:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E)2 Normative re
38、ferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 1087-1:2000, Terminology work Vocabula
39、ry Part 1: Theory and applicationISO/IEC 6523 (all parts), Information technology Structure for the identification of organizations and organization partsISO/IEC 15418, Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques GS1 Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifie
40、rs and maintenanceISO/IEC 15459-6, Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques Unique identification Part 6: GroupingsISO/TS 29002-5, Industrial automation systems and integration Exchange of characteristic data Part 5: Identification schemeISO/IEC Directives, Supplem
41、ent:2012, Procedures specific to IEC3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply.3.1associative relationrelation between two concepts (3.7) having a non-hierarchical thematic connection by virtue of experienceEXAMPLE
42、An associative relation exists between the concepts “education” and “teaching” or “baking” and “oven”.SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.23, modified3.2attributedata element for the computer-sensible description of a property (3.25), a relation or a class (3.4)SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 77-2:2008, 2.2EXAMPLE C
43、reation date of a class object (3.22) in a computer system.3.3characteristicdistinguishing featureNOTE 1 A characteristic can be inherent or assigned.NOTE 2 A characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative.NOTE 3 There are various classes (3.4) of characteristic, such as the following: physical (
44、e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical or biological characteristics); sensory (e.g. related to smell, touch, taste, sight, hearing); behavioural (e.g. courtesy, honesty, veracity); temporal (e.g. punctuality, reliability, availability); ergonomic (e.g. physiological characteristic or related to huma
45、n safety); functional (e.g. maximum speed of an aircraft).2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 22274:2013ISO 22274:2013(E)SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, 3.5.1NOTE 4 Characteristics that apply to concepts (3.7) are called features (3.12), whereas characteristics of classes (3.4) are called properties (3.25).
46、EXAMPLE Figure 1 shows the interrelation of the items concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4), attribute (3.2), and property (3.25). The figure shows sections of a concept system (3.8) and a classification system (3.6). The class “Car” is derived from the concept “Motor vehicle” and the property
47、“Colour” implements the feature “Pigmentation”. The class “Car” has attributes such as “Preferred name” and “Definition”. The concept “Automobile” is not used in the classification system.Figure 1 Interrelation of concept (3.7), feature (3.12), class (3.4), attribute (3.2), and property (3.25)3.4cla
48、ssdescription of a set of objects (3.22) that share the same characteristics (3.3)NOTE The characteristics may be embodied by the use of properties, operations, methods, relations, semantics, etc.3.5classificationprocess of assigning objects (3.22) to classes (3.4) according to criteria3.6classifica
49、tion systemsystematic collection of classes (3.4) organized according to a known set of rules, and into which objects (3.22) may be groupedNOTE This International Standard considers both classification systems with properties and classification systems without properties.EXAMPLE 1 The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) is an example of a classification system without properties.EXAMPLE 2 IEC 61360-4-DB18is an example of a classification system with properties.3.7conceptunit of kn
