1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 23794:2015Rubber, vulcanized orthermoplastic Abrasiontesting GuidanceBS ISO 23794:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 23794:2015. It supersedes BS ISO 23794:2010 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its pre
2、paration was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/22, Physical testing of rubber.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its co
3、rrect application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 85596 2 ICS 83.060 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 28 February 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e d ISO 2015Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Abrasion testing GuidanceCaoutchouc vulcanis ou thermoplastique Essais dabrasion Lignes directricesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 23794Third edition 20
5、15-02-15Reference number ISO 23794:2015(E)BS ISO 23794:2015ISO 23794:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic
6、 or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22
7、749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 23794:2015ISO 23794:2015(E)Contents PageForeword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Wear mechanisms . 25 Types of abrasion test . 36 Abradants . 37 Test conditions . 47.1
8、 Temperature 47.2 Degree and rate of slip 47.3 Contact pressure 47.4 Continuous/intermittent contact . 57.5 Lubricants and contamination 58 Abrasion test apparatus 59 Reference materials 710 Test procedure 711 Expression of results .16Bibliography .18 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 23794:201
9、5ISO 23794:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subj
10、ect for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IE
11、C) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be n
12、oted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifyin
13、g any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience o
14、f users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supple
15、mentary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 23794:2010), which has been technically revised to include the blade abrader.iv ISO 2015 Al
16、l rights reservedBS ISO 23794:2015Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic Abrasion testing GuidanceWARNING 1 Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associate
17、d with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.WARNING 2 Certain procedures specified in this International Standard might involve the use or generation of substances, or the g
18、eneration of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard. Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.1 ScopeThis International Standard provides guidance on the determination of the abrasion resistance of vulcanized and thermoplastic r
19、ubbers. It covers both solid and loose abrasives.The guidelines given are intended to assist in the selection of an appropriate test method and appropriate test conditions for evaluating a material and assessing its suitability for a product subject to abrasion. Factors influencing the correlation b
20、etween laboratory abrasion testing and product performance are considered, but this International Standard is not concerned with wear tests developed for specific finished rubber products, for example, trailer tests for tyres.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, is nor
21、matively referenced in this document and is indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 23529, Rubber General procedures for preparing and conditi
22、oning test pieces for physical test methods3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1abrasionloss of material from a surface due to frictional forcesSOURCE: ISO 1382:20083.2abrasion resistanceresistance to wear resulting from mechanical ac
23、tion upon a surfaceNote 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is expressed by the abrasion resistance index.SOURCE: ISO 1382:2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23794:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 23794:2015ISO 23794:2015(E)3.3abrasion resistance indexratio of the loss in volume of a standard ru
24、bber to the loss in volume of a test rubber, measured under the same specified conditions and expressed as a percentageSOURCE: ISO 1382:20083.4relative volume lossloss in volume of a test rubber due to abrasion by a specified abradant which will cause a reference rubber to lose a defined mass under
25、the same conditions4 Wear mechanismsThe mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material are complex, but the principal factors involved are cutting and fatigue. It is possible to categorize wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made
26、between abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and adhesive wear.Additionally, wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism.Abrasive wear is caused by sharp asperities cutting the rubber.Fatigue wear is caused by particles of rubber being detached as a result of dynamic stressing on
27、a localized scale.Adhesive wear is the transfer of rubber to another surface as a result of adhesive forces between the two surfaces.Wear by roll formation is where there is progressive tearing of a layer of rubber which forms a roll.There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on
28、the surface.The term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream.In any particular wear situation, more than one mechanism is usually involved, but one might predominate. Abrasive wear requires hard, sharp cutting edges, and high friction. Fatigue abrasion occurs wi
29、th smooth or rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. Adhesive wear is much less common, but can occur on smooth surfaces. Roll formation requires high friction and relatively poor tear strength. Roll formation results in a characteristic abrasion pattern of ridges and grooves at ri
30、ght angles to the direction of movement.Abrasive wear or roll formation results in much more rapid wear than fatigue processes. The mechanism and hence the rate of wear can change, perhaps quite suddenly, with the conditions, such as contact pressure, speed, and temperature. In any practical circums
31、tances, the mechanisms can be complex and critically dependent on the conditions. Consequently, the critical factor as regards testing is that the test conditions have to essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is to be obtained. Even a comparison between two rubbers might
32、 be invalid if the dominant mechanism is different in testing and in service. The range of conditions encountered in applications such as tyres is so complex, that they cannot be matched by a single test.It follows that there cannot be a universal standard abrasion test method for rubber, and the te
33、st method and test conditions have to be chosen to suit the end application. Also, great care has to be taken if the test is intended to provide a significant degree of acceleration.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 23794:2015ISO 23794:2015(E)5 Types of abrasion testMany abrasion testing machines
34、 have been devised and standardized at national level for use with rubber. The majority of rubber tests involve a relatively sharp abradant and were devised for use with tyre tread materials.Abrasion tests can be divided into two main types: those using a loose abradant and those using a solid abrad
35、ant.A loose abrasive powder can be used rather in the manner of a shot-blasting machine as a logical way of simulating the action of sand or similar abradants impinging on the rubber in service. A loose abradant can also be used between two sliding surfaces. Conveyor belts or tank linings are exampl
36、es of products subject to abrasion by loose materials. A car tyre is an example of the situation where there is a combination of abrasion against a solid rough abradant, the road, and abrasion against a free-flowing abradant in the form of grit particles. This situation can also occur in testing as
37、a result of the generation of wear debris from a solid abradant.Solid abradants can consist of almost anything, but the most common are: abrasive wheels (vitreous or resilient), abrasive papers or cloths, and metal “knives”. The majority of wear situations involve the rubber moving in contact with a
38、nother solid material.Distinctions can be made on the basis of the geometry by which the test piece and abradant are rubbed together. Many geometries are possible, and some common configurations are shown in Figure 1 to Figure 9:Figure 1: The test piece reciprocates linearly against a sheet of abrad
39、ant (or alternatively a strip of abradant can be moved past a stationary test piece).Figure 2: The abradant is a rotating disc with the test piece held against it (or vice versa).Figure 3: Both abradant and test piece are in the form of a wheel, either of which can be the driven member.Figure 4: The
40、 abradant wheel is driven by a flat rotating test piece.Figure 5: Both the test piece and the abradant are rotating.Figure 6: The test piece is held against a rotating drum.Figure 7: The test piece revolves in contact with metal knives.Figure 8: Test pieces are tumbled together with abrasive particl
41、es inside a hollow rotating cylinder.Figure 9: Single metal knife is held against a rotating tube test piece.If the abrasion is unidirectional, abrasion patterns will develop which can markedly affect abrasion loss.6 AbradantsAbradants can be classified into the following types: abrasive wheels; pap
42、ers and cloths; metal knives; smooth surfaces; loose abradants.The abrasive wheel is probably the most convenient abradant because of its low cost and mechanical stability, and also, by simple refacing, a consistent surface can be maintained. Wheels are characterized by the nature of the abrading pa
43、rticles, their size and sharpness, the structure of the wheel, and the ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 23794:2015ISO 23794:2015(E)manner in which the abrasive is bonded (either resilient or vitreous). It follows that a very wide range of abrasive properties is possible.Abrasive papers and cloth
44、s are inexpensive and easy to use, but deteriorate in cutting power rather quickly. They are characterized by the nature of the abrading particles and their size and sharpness.Metal “knives” can have various geometries, including the form of a mesh and a raised pattern on a wheel. The main character
45、istic is the sharpness (radius) of the edges in contact with the rubber, and there can be some difficulty maintaining a reproducible sharpness.Smooth surfaces are characterized by their degree of smoothness and the material, which defines the level of friction.Loose abradants are commonly particles
46、of the same material as is used to form abrasive wheels or papers, and are characterized by their size and sharpness.The choice of abradant should be made primarily to give the best correlation with service conditions, but it is also necessary for the abradant to be available in a convenient form an
47、d for its production to be reproducible.As a consequence of these considerations, abrasive wheels and papers or cloths predominate where cutting by sharp asperities is to be simulated. It is still necessary to select an appropriate asperity size and sharpness. Materials such as textiles and metal pl
48、ates are more appropriate for other applications. Smoother materials generally abrade relatively slowly and, if conditions are accelerated, give rise to an excessive temperature rise at the sliding surfaces. Because of these difficulties, abrasive wheels and papers are frequently used for convenienc
49、e in situations where they are inappropriate for assessment of in-service performance.7 Test conditions7.1 TemperatureAlthough temperature has a large effect on wear rate and is one of the important factors in obtaining correlation between laboratory and service conditions, it is extremely difficult to control the temperature during testing. Abrasion tests are normally carried out at standard laboratory temperature. However, it is the temperature of the contact surfaces which is of importance rather than the ambient temperatu
