1、Reference numberISO/IEC 14495-1:1999(E)ISO/IEC 1999Information technology Lossless andnear-lossless compression ofcontinuous-tone still images: BaselineTechnologies de linformation Compression lossless proche delossless des images fixes ton continu: Ligne de baseNational Standard of CanadaCAN/CSA-IS
2、O/IEC 14495-1:02(ISO/IEC 14495-1:1999)International Standard ISO/IEC 14495-1:1999 (first edition, 1999-12-01; corrected and reprinted2000-09-15) has been adopted without modification (IDT) as CSA Standard CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-1:02,which has been approved as a National Standard of Canada by the Stan
3、dards Council of Canada.ISBN 1-55324-994-1 December 2002The Canadian Standards Association (CSA), The Standards Council of Canada is theunder whose auspices this National Standard has been coordinating body of the National Standards system, produced, was chartered in 1919 and accredited by a federat
4、ion of independent, autonomousthe Standards Council of Canada to the National organizations working towards the furtherStandards system in 1973. It is a not-for-profit, development and improvement of voluntarynonstatutory, voluntary membership association standardization in the national interest.eng
5、aged in standards development and certification The principal objects of the Council are to foster activities. and promote voluntary standardization as a means CSA standards reflect a national consensus of of advancing the national economy, benefiting theproducers and users including manufacturers,
6、health, safety, and welfare of the public, assisting consumers, retailers, unions and professional and protecting the consumer, facilitating domestic organizations, and governmental agencies. The and international trade, and furthering internationalstandards are used widely by industry and commerce
7、cooperation in the field of standards.and often adopted by municipal, provincial, and A National Standard of Canada is a standard whichfederal governments in their regulations, particularly has been approved by the Standards Council ofin the fields of health, safety, building and Canada and one whic
8、h reflects a reasonableconstruction, and the environment. agreement among the views of a number of capableIndividuals, companies, and associations across individuals whose collective interests provide to theCanada indicate their support for CSAs standards greatest practicable extent a balance ofdeve
9、lopment by volunteering their time and skills to representation of producers, users, consumers, andCSA Committee work and supporting the Associations others with relevant interests, as may be appropriateobjectives through sustaining memberships. The to the subject in hand. It normally is a standardm
10、ore than 7000 committee volunteers and the 2000 which is capable of making a significant and timelysustaining memberships together form CSAs total contribution to the national interest.membership from which its Directors are chosen. Approval of a standard as a National Standard ofSustaining membersh
11、ips represent a major source of Canada indicates that a standard conforms to theincome for CSAs standards development activities. criteria and procedures established by the StandardsThe Association offers certification and testing Council of Canada. Approval does not refer to theservices in support
12、of and as an extension to its technical content of the standard; this remains thestandards development activities. To ensure the continuing responsibility of the accreditedintegrity of its certification process, the Association standards-development organization.regularly and continually audits and
13、inspects products Those who have a need to apply standards arethat bear the CSA Mark. encouraged to use National Standards of CanadaIn addition to its head office and laboratory complex whenever practicable. These standards are subject in Toronto, CSA has regional branch offices in major to periodic
14、 review; therefore, users are cautioned centres across Canada and inspection and testing to obtain the latest edition from the organizationagencies in eight countries. Since 1919, the preparing the standard.Association has developed the necessary expertise to The responsibility for approving Nationa
15、l Standards meet its corporate mission: CSA is an independent of Canada rests with theservice organization whose mission is to provide an Standards Council of Canadaopen and effective forum for activities facilitating the 270 Albert Street, Suite 200exchange of goods and services through the use of
16、Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7standards, certification and related services to meet Canadanational and international needs.For further information on CSA services, write toCanadian Standards Association5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 5N6CanadaCette Norme nationale du Canada est offer
17、te en anglais et en franais.Although the intended primary application of this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is importantto note that it remains the responsibility of the users to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.Registered trade-mark of Canadian Standards AssociationInformati
18、on technology Lossless and near-lossless CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-1:02 compression of continuous-tone still images: BaselineDecember 2002 Canadian Standards Association CSA/1CAN/CSA-ISO/IEC 14495-1:02Information technology Losslessand near-lossless compression ofcontinuous-tone still images:BaselineCSA
19、 PrefaceStandards development within the Information Technology sector is harmonized with internationalstandards development. Through the CSA Technical Committee on Information Technology (TCIT),Canadians serve as the Canadian Advisory Committee (CAC) on ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 onInforma
20、tion Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) for the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the ISO memberbody for Canada and sponsor of the Canadian National Committee of the IEC. Also, as a member of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), Canada participates in the International Telegraph andTelephone Cons
21、ultative Committee (ITU-T).This International Standard was reviewed by the CSA TCIT under the jurisdiction of the StrategicSteering Committee on Information Technology and deemed acceptable for use in Canada. (Acommittee membership list is available on request from the CSA Project Manager.) From tim
22、e to time,ISO/IEC may publish addenda, corrigenda, etc. The CSA TCIT will review these documents for approvaland publication. For a listing, refer to the CSA Information Products catalogue or CSA Info Update orcontact a CSA Sales representative. This Standard has been formally approved, without modi
23、fication, bythe Technical Committee and has been approved as a National Standard of Canada by the StandardsCouncil of Canada.December 2002 Canadian Standards Association 2002All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the priorpermission of the p
24、ublisher. ISO/IEC material is reprinted with permission. Where the words “thisInternational Standard” appear in the text, they should be interpreted as “this National Standard ofCanada”. Inquiries regarding this National Standard of Canada should be addressed to Canadian Standards Association 5060 S
25、pectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6 1-800-463-6727 416-747-4044www.csa.caReference numberISO/IEC 14495-1:1999(E)ISO/IEC 1999INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC14495-1First edition1999-12-01Corrected and reprinted2000-09-15Information technology Lossless andnear-lossless compression
26、 ofcontinuous-tone still images: BaselineTechnologies de linformation Compression lossless proche delossless des images fixes ton continu: Ligne de baseISO/IEC 14495-1:1999(E)PDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be prin
27、ted or viewed but shall notbe edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading thisfile, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liab
28、ility in thisarea.Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameterswere optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suita
29、ble for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely eventthat a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 1999All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by an
30、y means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bodyin the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 Gb7 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 734 10 79E-mail cop
31、yrightiso.chWeb www.iso.chii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedISO/IEC 14495-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved iiiCONTENTSPage1 Scope 12 Normative references 12.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards. 12.2 Additional references 13 Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and convent
32、ions 23.1 Definitions. 23.2 Abbreviations 43.3 Symbols. 54 General description. 74.1 Purpose 74.2 Coding principles 74.3 Source image . 84.4 Encoding process. 94.5 Decoding process 104.6 Coding of multiple component images 104.7 Compressed image data. 104.8 Interchange format 105 Interchange format
33、requirements 116 Encoder requirements. 117 Decoder requirements. 118 Conformance testing. 128.1 Purpose 128.2 Encoder conformance tests 128.3 Decoder conformance tests . 12Annex A Encoding procedures for a single component . 16A.1 Coding parameters and compressed image data16A.2 Initialisations and
34、conventions 16A.3 Context determination . 18A.4 Prediction 19A.5 Prediction error encoding 21A.6 Update variables 22A.7 Run mode 23A.8 Flow of encoding procedures 26Annex B Multi-component images. 28B.1 Introduction . 28B.2 Line interleaved mode. 28B.3 Sample interleaved mode 29B.4 Minimum Coded Uni
35、t (MCU). 30Annex C Compressed data format. 31C.1 General aspects of the compressed data format specification . 31C.2 General JPEG-LS coding syntax. 31C.3 Abbreviated format for compressed image data 37C.4 Abbreviated format for table-specification data 37ISO/IEC14495-1:1999(E)iv ISO/IEC1999Allrights
36、reservedPageAnnex D Control procedures 38D.1 Control procedure for encoding an image. 38D.2 Control procedure for encoding a frame. 38D.3 Control procedure for encoding a scan 38D.4 Control procedure for encoding a restart interval 40D.5 Control procedure for encoding a Minimum Coded Unit (MCU). 40A
37、nnex E Conformance Tests 42E.1 Test images 42Annex F Decoding procedures. 45F.1 Process flow 45Annex G Description of the coding process. 47G.1 Context modelling. 47G.2 Encoding in the regular coding mode 48G.3 Encoding in the run mode. 50Annex H Examples and guidelines. 51H.1 Introduction. 51H.2 Ex
38、ample of how bits are output in the bit stream 51H.3 Detailed coding example. 51H.4 Example image data 57H.5 Use of SPIFF with JPEG-LS compressed image data. 63Annex I Bibliography. 65Included files and programs: JPEG-LSreference implementation JPEG-LS conformance testing image set Auxiliary program
39、s and examples.Annex J Patents 66ISO/IEC 14495-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved vForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are membe
40、rs of ISO or IECparticipate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by therespective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committeescollaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organiz
41、ations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
42、 ISO/IEC JTC 1.Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
43、elements of this part of ISO/IEC 14495 may be the subject ofpatent rights other than those identified in annex J. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying anyand all such patent rights.International Standard ISO/IEC 14495-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, In
44、formationtechnology, Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information,incollaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-T Recommendation T.87.ISO/IEC 14495 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Lossless and
45、 near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Part 1: Baseline Part 2: ExtensionsAnnexes A to E form a normative part of this part of ISO/IEC 14495. Annexes F to J are for information only.Annex J is only applicable to ISO/IEC 14495-1.ISO/IEC 14495-1 : 1999 (E)ITU-T Rec. T.87 (1998 E)
46、1INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO/IEC 14495-1 : 1999 (E)ITU-T Rec. T.87 (1998 E)ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LOSSLESS AND NEAR-LOSSLESSCOMPRESSION OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES BASELINE1 ScopeThis Recommendation | International Standard defines a set of lossless (bit-preserving) and nearly
47、lossless (where theerror for each reconstructed sample is bounded by a pre-defined value) compression methods for coding continuous-tone, gray-scale, or colour digital still images.This Recommendation | International Standard specifies a process for converting source image data to compressed image d
48、ata; specifies processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data; specifies coded representations for compressed image data; provides guidance on how to implement these processes in practice.2 Normative referencesThe following Recommendations and International Standards cont
49、ain provisions which, through references in this text,constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicatedwere valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on thisRecommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recentedition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of
