1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 14520:2007Packaging Reuse Methods for assessing the performance of a reuse systemICS 13.030.50; 55.180.40g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g5
2、0g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 14520:2007This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 September 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 57985 1National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 14520:2007.The
3、UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible f
4、or its correct application.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 14520July 2007ICS 13.030.50; 55.180.40English VersionPackaging - Reuse - Methods for assessing the performance ofa reuse systemEmballage - Rutilisation - Mth
5、ode dvaluation de laperformance dun systme de rutilisationVerpackung - Wiederverwendung - Verfahren zurEinschtzung der Leistungsfhigkeit einesWiederverwendungssystemsThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 25 May 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 261.CEN members are t
6、he national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
7、 and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 145
8、20:2007: E2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Terms and definitions .5 3 Methods of calculation6 3.1 Open and closed loop systems6 3.1.1 Principle6 3.1.2 Calculation of average number of rotations in the system during the calculation period 6 3.1.3 Calculation of reuse ratio7 3.1.4
9、 Calculation of average number of rotations in the system during the packaging lifetime8 3.2 Hybrid system 8 4 Factors influencing the calculation .8 4.1 Selection of calculation period.8 4.2 Selection of measurement point 9 4.3 Market fluctuation and product lifecycle.9 Annex A (informative) Trips
10、and rotations10 Annex B (informative) Examples of average number of rotations and reuse ratio calculations 11 B.1 Average number of rotations11 B.1.1 Example 1 .11 B.1.2 Example 2 .11 B.1.3 Example 3 .12 B.1.4 Example 4 .12 B.2 Reuse ratio - General example:13 B.3 Rotations during the packaging life
11、time .13 Bibliography 14 CEN/TR 14520:20073 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 14520:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pa
12、tent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. CEN/TR 14520:20074 Introduction The methods set out in this Technical Report are both capable of giving realistic results in the relevant circumstances. Experience over time with the results
13、will indicate the levels of performance that are being achieved. CEN/TR 14520:20075 1 Scope This Technical Report gives methods of assessing the performance of a reuse system related to the proportion of reused packaging in use. This may be measured by: the average number of rotations during a calcu
14、lation period and the lifetime; or the reuse ratio. The choice of method will vary according to the type of reuse system and information available. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 trip transfer of packaging, from filling/loadi
15、ng to emptying/unloading. A trip can be part of a rotation 2.2 rotation cycle undergone by reusable packaging from filling/loading to filling/loading. A rotation will always contain a trip 2.3 population total number of a packaging type, empty or filled, in that whole reuse system 2.4 claiming compa
16、ny packer/filler who is making a claim of reusable for a type of packaging, in the circumstances of its intended use 2.5 reuse ratio ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the number of movements of reused packaging to the number of movements of all the packaging at the measurement point (see definiti
17、on 2.7) over the calculation period (see definition 2.6) 2.6 calculation period period over which the number of trips or reuse ratio is calculated NOTE This should be of adequate duration to smooth out the effects of seasonal variation, product lifetime, packaging inputs and other factors which can
18、affect the calculation. 2.7 measurement point point in the rotation loop at which the information for the calculation is gathered NOTE Examples of some possible measurement points are given in 4.2. 2.8 newly manufactured packaging newly purchased packaging entering the system for the first time to i
19、ncrease the population or replace all types of losses CEN/TR 14520:20076 2.9 system adjustment increase or decrease of population of a packaging type due to market fluctuation 2.10 system losses all types of losses of packaging from the system 2.11 closed loop system system in which reusable packagi
20、ng is circulated by a company or a co-operating group of companies 2.12 open loop system system in which reusable packaging circulates amongst unspecified companies 2.13 hybrid system system consisting of two parts: a) reusable packaging, remaining with the end user, for which there exists no redist
21、ribution system leading to commercial refilling; b) one way packaging, used as an auxiliary product to transport the contents to the reusable packaging 2.14 lifetime period from the first use of the packaging until it is no longer in use and becomes waste 3 Methods of calculation 3.1 Open and closed
22、 loop systems 3.1.1 Principle The performance of a reuse system can be evaluated by calculating either the average number of rotations (see definition 2.2) or the reuse ratio. The population figure needs to be known accurately to perform the calculation of the average number of rotations. In the cas
23、es where this value can not be known, which includes most open loop systems, only the reuse ratio can be calculated. NOTE The packer/filler making the calculation will require the co-operation of all other partners in the system for that product. See EN 13429:2004, 5.1. 3.1.2 Calculation of average
24、number of rotations in the system during the calculation period The simple equation to determine the average number of rotations of packaging in the system during the calculation period is: tsppPQN = where Npis the average number of rotations during the calculation period; CEN/TR 14520:20077 Qspis t
25、he total number of movements of packaging through the measurement point during the calculation period; NOTE 1 For pool systems this is the sum of all the packaging from all the packer/fillers. Pt is the average population during the calculation period. Qspcan often be easily calculated from the numb
26、er of despatches or output from the packer/filler etc. However Ptis rarely directly known and has to be calculated. A simplified version of this calculation is: 222adjlossnewintPPPPP += where Ptis the average population during the calculation period; Pinis the population at the start of the calculat
27、ion period; Pnewis the total of newly manufactured packaging entering the system during the calculation period; Plossis the system losses during the calculation period; Padjis the system adjustments during the calculation period. NOTE 2 System adjustments take place when packaging is deliberately wi
28、thdrawn from the system, for instance in the case of a fall in demand. Pnew, Plossand Padjare divided by two to give an approximate average over the calculation period. Where possible a more accurate average should be used. Pnewand Padjare often known, however Plossgenerally has to be assessed. Unde
29、r long term steady state conditions, Plossis approximately equal to Pnew. 3.1.3 Calculation of reuse ratio 100=spreuserQQR where Rris the reuse ratio; Qreuseis the total number of movements of reused packages through the measurement point during the calculation period; Qspis the total number of move
30、ments of packaging through the measurement point during the calculation period. In systems where only the reuse ratio can be calculated it should be noted that any percentage greater than zero is evidence of reuse. CEN/TR 14520:20078 3.1.4 Calculation of average number of rotations in the system dur
31、ing the packaging lifetime With long term experience, the average percentage loss per rotation and the average age of the population can be estimated. By multiplying the average number of rotations per year by the average age of the population an approximate figure for the number of rotations per li
32、fetime can be calculated as follows: NI= Ny Aawhere NI is the approximate number of rotations per lifetime; Ny is the average number of rotations per year; Aais the average age of population. The percentage loss per calculation period L%can be calculated by: L%=tlossPP 100 Ptis the average populatio
33、n during the calculation period; Plossis the system losses during the calculation period; For estimating the percentage losses per rotation, the calculation period could be chosen to be one rotation. The inverse of the average percentage loss (L%) per rotation, gives an approximation of the number o
34、f rotations for the unit of packaging per lifetime. NIcan be calculated by NI= %L1003.2 Hybrid system In a hybrid system the only quantities which are known are the number of reusable packages sold and the number of refills sold over the calculation period. This ratio can only provide an approximati
35、on to the reuse ratio. It is therefore not appropriate to attempt to calculate the reuse ratio for the reusable component in a hybrid system. 4 Factors influencing the calculation 4.1 Selection of calculation period This should be of adequate duration and have a suitable start date to smooth out the
36、 effects of seasonal variation, product lifetime, packaging inputs and other factors which may affect the calculation. It is important that the period and start and end points chosen are used consistently for all future calculations of the ratio. CEN/TR 14520:20079 4.2 Selection of measurement point
37、 The measurement point should be chosen to provide the greatest amount of information for the calculation. Examples are: point of sale; point of filling; completion of refurbishment; warehousing; third party warehousing; or any other convenient point in the system. The measurement point should be ch
38、osen so that it allows the differentiation of new and used packaging. It is important that the measurement point chosen is used consistently for all future calculations of the ratio. NOTE The measurement point is a point in the cycle, not necessarily a single physical location. 4.3 Market fluctuatio
39、n and product lifecycle A careful assessment of the state of the market for the product should be made and also for the development in that market of the product. These factors will influence the conclusions on the results of the calculations. CEN/TR 14520:200710 Annex A (informative) Trips and rota
40、tions The concepts of trips and rotations in reuse terms are defined in 3.3 and 3.4 of EN 13429:2004 and form the basis for any determination of effectiveness of any given reuse system. NB The size of flows do not correspond to the volumes of the flows. Key 1 trip g packaging waste from reconditioni
41、ng to material recycling 2 rotation h2 packaging designed for refill/reuse and supplied for the first filling/packaging 3 filling j used packaging lost and not collected due to litter and/or other factors 4 emptying k) used and reconditioned packaging for filling/packaging again 5 C/S Collection/Sor
42、ting m) used packaging designed for refill/reuse leaving the refill/reuse loop for waste management 6 for refill/reuse v packaging returned after collection/sorting of used one way packaging in the refill/reuse loop and used again (e.g. wooden crates) 7 reconditioning x) material loss 8 reusable NOT
43、E 1 Losses may occur anywhere in the loop. NOTE 2 This flow chart is an extract from EN 13437 and is introduced to clarify the terms “trip” and “rotation”. Figure A.1 Reuse process flow chart CEN/TR 14520:200711 Annex B (informative) Examples of average number of rotations and reuse ratio calculatio
44、ns B.1 Average number of rotations B.1.1 Example 1 A system with no losses, adjustments and therefore no new packaging. If we have: Pin= 100 units of packaging and Qsp= 1 000 throughputs at the measurement point during the calculation period (for example, one year) Pnewand Plossand Padjare zero; For
45、 the calculation of Pt we apply the following equation: 222adjlossnewintPPPPP += : Therefore Pt= PinThe average number of rotations tsppPQN = will be: Np= 1 000/100 = 10 B.1.2 Example 2 A balanced system with losses replaced by new input. If we have: Pin = 100 units of packaging, Qsp= 1 000 throughp
46、uts at a measurement point and losses and broken packaging Ploss= 10 an equivalent number of new packaging Pnew= 10 Padjis zero For the calculation of Ptwe apply the following equation: 222adjlossnewintPPPPP += which will give: Pt = 100 + 10/2 10/2 Pt = 100 CEN/TR 14520:200712 The average number of
47、rotations will be according to the following equation: tsppPQN = Np= 1 000/100 = 10 B.1.3 Example 3 A system being reduced by adjustments and no replacement of losses. An alternative system requirement to example 3: showing a constant throughput, but resulting in higher rotations. If we have: Pin =
48、100 units of packaging Qsp= 1 000 throughputs at a measurement point and a lot of losses and broken packaging Ploss= 10 number of new packaging Pnew= 0 Padjis 30 For the calculation of Pt we apply the following equation: 222adjlossnewintPPPPP += which will give: Pt = 100 10/2 30/2 Pt = 80 The averag
49、e number of rotations will be according to the following equation: tsppPQN = Np= 1 000/80 = 12,5 B.1.4 Example 4 A system being reduced by adjustments and no replacement of losses. Showing a constant average number of rotations and reduced throughputs. If we have: Pin = 100 units of packaging Qsp= 800 throughputs at a measurement point and a lot of losses and broken packaging Ploss= 10 number of new packaging Pnew= 0 Padjis 30 CEN/TR 14520:200713 For the calculation of Ptwe apply the following equation: 222adjlossnewintPPPPP += which w
