1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15172-1:2005Whole-body vibration Guidelines for vibration hazards reduction Part 1: Engineering methods by design of machineryICS 13.160; 17.160g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51
2、g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15172-1:2005This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 27 January 2006 BSI 27 January 2006ISBN 0 580 47607 3National forewordThis Published Document is t
3、he official English language version of CEN/TR 15172-1:2005.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee GME/21, Mechanical vibration and shock, to Subcommittee GME/21/6, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock, which has the responsibility to: A list of orga
4、nizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Corre
5、spondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Document does not
6、 of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments a
7、nd promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 23 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No.
8、 Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15172-1November 2005ICS 13.160; 17.160English VersionWhole-body vibration - Guidelines for vibration hazardsreduction - Part 1: Engineering methods by design of machineryVibrations globales du corps - Guide pour la rduction des
9、risques de vibrations - Partie 1: Mesures techniques lors dela conception des machinesGanzkrper-Schwingungen - Leitfaden zur Verringerung derGefhrdung durch Schwingungen - Teil 1: TechnischeManahmen durch die Gestaltung von MaschinenThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 25 July 2005. It has b
10、een drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 231.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portug
11、al, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworld
12、wide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15172-1:2005: E2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction4 1 Scope .5 2 Identification of main sources and operational modes producing vibration that might be hazardous to health 5 2.1 Identification of main sources and operational modes5 2.2 Factors that c
13、an combine with vibration to increase the likelihood of injury 6 3 Reduction of vibration at source .6 3.1 Travelling on uneven surfaces.6 3.2 Operating of working equipment (tools) .7 3.3 Information from the manufacturer on the use of tools and accessories 7 3.4 Vibrating tools mounted to the mach
14、inery7 3.5 Engine8 4 Reduction of transmission of vibration from source to the operator .8 4.1 General 8 4.2 Wheel size and tyres.9 4.3 Low-frequency wheel and chassis suspension10 4.4 Low-frequency cab suspension.10 4.5 Seat suspension and seat design11 5 Elimination of incorrect posture 11 5.1 Gen
15、eral 11 5.2 Improving external cab visibility12 5.3 Design of cab adapted to the operator dimension and task13 5.4 Selection of seats adapted to the machine and task14 6 Summary of questions to be considered when evaluating the design of mobile machinery in view of protecting operators safety and he
16、alth.15 6.1 General 15 6.2 Visibility .15 6.3 Cabin construction .15 6.4 Selection of seat16 Annex A (informative) Vibration isolation.17 Bibliography.22 CEN/TR 15172-1:20053 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15172-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 231 “Mechanical vibratio
17、n and shock”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. CEN/TR 15172 consists of the following parts: CEN/TR 15172-1, Whole-body vibration Guidelines for vibration hazards reduction Part 1: Engineering methods by design of machinery CEN/TR 15172-2, Whole-body vibration Guidelines for vibration hazard
18、s reduction Part 2: Management measures at the workplace CEN/TR 15172-1:20054 Introduction This Technical Report deals with engineering methods for design of machinery transmitting vibration to the human body. Guidance on management measures at the workplace is given in CEN/TR 15172-2. Significant w
19、hole-body vibration is mainly related to operators of mobile machinery. Mobile machinery transmits vibration and shock from the seat for seated operators, from the floor for standing operators, which may cause adverse health effects, primarily damage to the spine. The effects of vibration depend on
20、its frequency, direction, intensity, presence of shocks and on the exposure time. They also depend on the operators posture. It is important to understand that the design and manufacture of mobile machinery is complex, requiring extensive technical background. The EC Directive 98/37/EC on the approx
21、imation of the laws of the member states relating to machinery (Machinery Directive), amended by Directive 98/79/EC, requires that the machinery is so designed and constructed that risks resulting from vibration produced by the machinery are reduced to the lowest level, taking account of technical p
22、rogress and the availability of means of reducing vibration, in particular at source. Limiting vibration by design is one of the measures that EN ISO 12100-2 suggests machine manufacturers and designers should consider as part of a strategy to achieve safety by design of machinery in conformity with
23、 European Legislation. The reduction of vibration by design of machinery can make an important contribution to the effective protection of people at work from the harmful effects of vibration. In practical situations, however, a combination of engineering measures and management measures may be nece
24、ssary. CEN/TR 15172-1:20055 1 Scope This Technical Report provides best practices and methods available for limiting the effects of mechanical whole-body vibration on operators positions. The guidelines given outline practical ways in which whole-body vibration hazards associated with mobile machine
25、ry can be reduced by machinery design. The Technical Report covers four important aspects of the reduction of the effects arising from exposure to hazardous machinery vibration: a) identification of main sources and operational modes producing vibration that might be hazardous to health and of addit
26、ional factors worsening the adverse health effects of vibration on the operators; b) reduction of vibration magnitudes at source; c) reduction of transmission of vibration from source to the operator; d) ergonomic adaptation of operators position: posture, range of vision. This Technical Report does
27、 not provide universal or detailed technical solutions but only a review of engineering methods available. It is not concerned with hand-arm vibration which is covered by CR 1030-1. This Technical Report is primarily intended as a guideline for people involved in purchasing, using, supplying, market
28、ing or inspecting mobile machinery. It is also intended to be a guidance for writers of type C standards for specific types of machinery. 2 Identification of main sources and operational modes producing vibration that might be hazardous to health 2.1 Identification of main sources and operational mo
29、des The machine manufacturer should make a careful investigation of all possible causes of vibration and shock connected with the full range of likely use of the machinery. In case the machinery is used with tools, the investigation should include the range of tools likely to be used with the machin
30、e. Internal sources of vibration in mobile machinery are engines, hydraulic devices and transmission. Normally, the engine is not a problem unless it runs at low speed and has only a small number of cylinders. Generally, the engine may be a problem in older, poorly maintained machines and in machine
31、s where the user has made changes in the original construction. Some machinery categories, e.g. vibratory rollers, include intentional vibrating sources. Machinery may also use vibrating attachment, e.g. separators, rotary snow-ploughs, street-sweeping machines, road milling machines, refuse collect
32、ion lorries. Rough braking and handling of gears can cause large vibration and shocks. The major source of vibration affecting operators of mobile machinery is the contact between wheels and ground at travelling. The severity is determined by the combination of ground surface, machine dynamics and t
33、ravelling speed. For machinery using tools, the contact between the tool and the material, e.g. in digging, rock drilling, loading, compaction, is of vital importance. The vibration magnitude depends on the characteristics of the material and the operators skill. Examples where the tools can be the
34、dominant source of vibration are excavators using breakers. In case of using a trailer, the design of the connection of the trailer to the machine (e.g. truck, lorry) is important as is the position of the centre of gravity of the trailer. CEN/TR 15172-1:20056 Liquids cause vibration when sloshing i
35、n tanks. Tanks can be divided into smaller rooms, which will minimise the vibration. Some information on methodologies for identification of vibration and shock during various operational modes can be found in EN 1032 and EN 14253. 2.2 Factors that can combine with vibration to increase the likeliho
36、od of injury It is probably the combination of the stresses from poor position and vibration that causes back pain. The machinery manufacturer should make a careful investigation of all possible causes which might force the operator to adopt poor posture. The ergonomic design should support a drivin
37、g posture that minimises the adverse effects of the vibration transmitted to the body (primarily to the spine). An upright driving position is important. Outside visibility always comes first. Even if it is detrimental to his posture, an operator will compensate to overcome the lack of good visibili
38、ty essential for safe machine operation. Driving a counterbalance truck with a high load, cutting the grass with a tractor along the merge of a road are examples where the operators might bend forwards or backwards or twist the body in order to increase the visibility at travelling or operating of e
39、quipment. When the vertical seat adjustment is insufficient, some operators can have difficulty to reach the floor pan or pedals with the feet. In fork lift trucks tall operators have to drive in bent position in order to avoid the head to get in contact with the overhead guard. On some vehicles the
40、 operators legs cannot slip easily under the steering wheel. When this is the case, the operator might push his seat back to allow his thigh room to move and as a result he has to lean forward to operate the machine controls and steering wheel. The adverse health effects of vibration can increase wh
41、en the machine is operated on slopes and side slopes due to effects on operators posture, on efficiency of cab and seat suspension. Jumping from machines could cause significant shock loads to the body. To minimise this risk, a well designed machine access system (including suitably placed hand hold
42、s and slip resistant steps) should be provided and the operator should be encouraged to use the access system instead of jumping from the machine. Machine specific standards for access systems should be used, such as EN ISO 2867 for earth-moving machines or EN 1553 agricultural machinery. When no ma
43、chine specific access system standard is available, general guidelines for access systems can be obtained from the EN ISO 14122 series. 3 Reduction of vibration at source 3.1 Travelling on uneven surfaces The vibration affecting the operator when travelling depends on the mechanical design of the ma
44、chine. It also depends on the ergonomic design (e.g. visibility) that can help the operator to avoid excessive vibration, e.g. by choosing speed and route around obstacles. It should be observed that also small obstacles may lead to high vibration levels for machines with small-size wheels, hard tyr
45、es, a short wheelbase or less suspension. The vibration and shock caused by the contact between the machinery and the ground when travelling is affected by the design and dimensions of the wheels. Designers should aim at a low centre of gravity, located close to the cross point of the diagonal lines
46、 between the wheels. In some cases the centre of gravity can move when travelling, e.g. machinery carrying a tool such as a suspended boom. This movement should be taken into account. CEN/TR 15172-1:20057 Working equipment and tools mounted to the machinery might cause excessive vibration at travell
47、ing due to change of the centre of gravity. An example of avoiding this is the use of special suspension devices, e.g. hydraulic accumulators for boom suspension in earth-moving machinery. The manufacturer should give information on limitation of tools and the effects on the vibration by the use of
48、tools. 3.2 Operating of working equipment (tools) Examples of working equipment are: buckets of excavators, ploughs, balers or powered cultivators; cranes and processors (cutting devices) of forestry machines; grading devices of graders; drilling devices of mining machines; milling devices of road m
49、illing machines. Generally, soft movements should be aimed at in the design of working equipment and its integration in the machine. Vibration should not be transmitted from the tool to the operators position. Hydraulic functions should be carefully adapted to provide soft operation. Linkages should be correctly balanced and excessive play avoided. Accessories and loads can change the centre of gravity, changing the vibration characteristics when moving. The controls of the tools should be placed so that the operator will maintain an upright positi
