1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15177:2006Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete Internal structural damageICS 91.080.40g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g5
2、3g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58PD CEN/TR 15177:2006This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49652 XNational forewordThis Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 1517
3、7:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/517, Concrete, to Subcommittee B/517/1, Concrete production and testing.A list of organizations represented on B/517/1 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication is a Published Document (PD) and i
4、s not to be regarded as a British Standard and therefore should be used for guidance only.The original document was proposed as a European standard but at the draft for public comment (DPC) stage the project status was changed to a CEN Report as it was not deemed suitable to be published as a Europe
5、an standard. The CEN Report was published so that research laboratories could evolve the test methods and gain some experience of the relevance of such tests to local materials. Therefore, the UK Committee B/517/1 has implemented CEN Report 15177:2006 as PD CEN/TR 15177:2006 but with the following c
6、omments.Whilst there are no performance values given in CEN/TR 15177, the originators of the tests have values they apply in practice and these are known to others. It is accepted that a concrete satisfying these values is likely to perform well in extreme freeze/thaw conditions. However, in the UK
7、there are many concretes that have been shown to perform adequately in the prevailing environmental conditions, but, if tested against these criteria, would fail by a substantial margin. BSI Technical Committee Working Group B/517/1/30 considers that these test methods would not normally be appropri
8、ate for evaluating the performance of concrete for UK conditions.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNI
9、SCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15177April 2006ICS 91.080.40English VersionTesting the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete - Internalstructural damagePrfung des Frost-Tauwiderstandes von Beton - InnereGefgestrungThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 31 August 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Co
10、mmittee CEN/TC 51.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, S
11、pain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Me
12、mbers.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15177:2006: E2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Equipment 6 5 Making of test specimens .9 6 Principle of measurement the internal structural damage10 7 Beam test11 8 Slab test 16 9 CIF-test24 Bibliography 34
13、 CEN/TR 15177:20063 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15177:2006) has been prepared jointly by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51 “Cement and building limes“, the secretariat of which is held by IBN/BIN and by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products“, the secretariat of which is held b
14、y DIN. No existing European Standard is superseded. It is based on the Austrian Standard NORM B 3303 “Testing of Concrete“ and on the RILEM recommendation “Test methods of frost resistance of concrete“ of RILEM TC 176 IDC. These tests have since been developed by individual countries. This document
15、takes into account those developments. CEN/TR 15177:20064 Introduction Concrete structures exposed to the effects of freezing and thawing need to be durable, to have an adequate resistance to this action and, in cases such as road construction, to freezing and thawing in the presence of de-icing age
16、nts. It is desirable, especially in the case of new constituents or new concrete compositions, to test for such properties. This also applies to concrete mixes, concrete products, precast concrete, concrete elements or concrete in situ. Many different test methods have been developed. No single test
17、 method can completely reproduce the conditions in the field in all individual cases. Nevertheless, any method should at least correlate to the practical situation and give consistent results. Such a test method may not be suitable for deciding whether the resistance is adequate in a specific instan
18、ce but will provide data of the resistance of the concrete to freeze-thaw-attack and freeze-thaw-attack in the presence of de-icing agents. If the concrete has inadequate resistance there are two types of concrete deterioration when a freeze-thaw attack occurs, internal structural damage and scaling
19、. The three test methods in this document describe the testing for internal structural damage. The scaling is dealt with in prCEN/TS 12390-9. This document contains three different test methods, which are well proved in different parts of Europe. Always they produce consistent results. For that reas
20、on no single test method can be established as reference test method. In the case that two laboratories will test the same concrete, they have to agree to only one test method with the same measurement procedure. The application of limiting values will require the establishment of the correlation be
21、tween laboratory results and field experience. Due to the nature of the freeze-thaw action, such correlation would have to be established in accordance with local conditions and still have to be done. CEN/TR 15177:20065 1 Scope This document specifies three test methods for the estimation of the fre
22、eze-thaw resistance of concrete with regard to internal structural damage. It can be used either to compare new constituents or new concrete compositions against a constituent or a concrete composition that is known to give adequate performance in the local environment or to assess the test results
23、against some absolute numerical values based on local experiences. Extrapolation of test results to assess different concrete i.e. new constituents or new concrete compositions requires an expert evaluation. NOTE Specification based on these test methods should take into account the behaviour of con
24、crete under practical conditions. There is no established correlation between the results obtained by the three test methods. All tests will clearly identify poor and good behaviour, but they differ in their assessment of marginal behaviour. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents
25、are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 206-1, Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN
26、12390-1, Testing hardened concrete Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements of specimens and moulds EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests EN 12504-4, Testing concrete Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity 3 Terms and definitions For
27、 the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 freeze-thaw resistance resistance against alternating freezing and thawing in the presence of water alone 3.2 freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salt resistance against alternating freezing and thawing in the presence o
28、f de-icing salt 3.3 scaling loss of material at the surface of concrete due to freeze-thaw attack 3.4 internal structural damage cracks developed inside concrete which may not be seen on the surface, but which lead to an alteration of concrete properties, e.g. reduction of the dynamic modulus of ela
29、sticity CEN/TR 15177:20066 4 Equipment 4.1 General 4.1.1 Equipment for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-2. 4.1.2 Moulds for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-1. 4.1.3 Freezing medium, consisting of de-ionised water and in special cases of 97 % by mass of tap water and 3
30、% by mass of NaCl (for test with de-icing salt). 4.1.4 A freezing chamber or a freeze-thaw chest with a cooling liquid or a flooding device. The freezing chamber or the freeze-thaw chest are equipped with a temperature and time controlled refrigerating and heating system with a capacity such that th
31、e time-temperature curve prescribed in Clauses 7, 8 and 9 can be followed. An automatically controllable frost chest and a water tank with thermostatic control can also be used instead of an automatically controlled freeze-thaw chest with a flooding device. 4.1.5 Thermocouples, or an equivalent temp
32、erature measuring device, for measuring the temperature at the appropriate prescribed points in the freezing chest with an accuracy within 0,5 K. 4.1.6 2 balances, with an accuracy within 1 g and 0,05 g. 4.1.7 Vernier callipers, with an accuracy within 0,1 mm. 4.1.8 Absorbent laboratory towel. 4.2 S
33、pecial equipment for beam test 4.2.1 Thermometric frost resistance reference beam according to EN 206-1 with a dimension of 400 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm. A tolerance in length of 10 % will be permissible. A thermocouple (4.1.5) is installed near the geometric centre of the thermometric reference beam in
34、 order to measure the temperature variations during freeze-thaw cycles. 4.2.2 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of longitudinal waves in porous building materials according to
35、 EN 12504-4. The transducers operate in frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz. 4.2.3 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (FF) a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact hammer and an accelerometer. b) Specimens pad consists of a s
36、oft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run only by the specimen. 4.3 Special equipment for slab test 4.3.1 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temperature of (20 2) C
37、 and an evaporation of (45 15) g/(m h). Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 5) %. The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of (225 25) cm2. The bowl is filled up to (10 1) mm from the brim.
38、4.3.2 Diamond saw for concrete cutting. CEN/TR 15177:20067 4.3.3 Rubber sheet, (3 0,5) mm thick which is resistant to the freezing medium used and sufficiently elastic down to a temperature of 27 C. 4.3.4 Adhesive for gluing the rubber sheet to the concrete specimen. The adhesive is resistant to the
39、 environment in question. NOTE Contact adhesive has proved to be suitable. 4.3.5 Expanded Polystyrene cellular plastic, (20 1) mm thick with a density of (18 2) kg/m3or alternative thermal insulation with at least a heat conductivity of 0,036 W/(mK). 4.3.6 Polyethylene sheet, 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm thick.
40、 4.3.7 Equipment for length change (reference measuring procedure) a) Length extensometer for measuring length change of specimens with a dial gauge to read in 0,01 mm and an accuracy within 0,001 mm. The extensometer is designed to accommodate the size of the specimens. NOTE In consideration of spe
41、cimens geometry the dimension of a suitable length extensometer is 170 mm or more. b) Studs made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant materials being designed which secured a good contact with the specimen surface. c) Invar or an equivalent reverence bar with a length which is comparable
42、to the average specimen length. 4.3.8 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (alternative measuring procedure) Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of longitudinal waves in porous building materials according to EN 12504-4.
43、The transducers operate in frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz. 4.3.9 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (alternative measuring procedure) a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact hammer and an accelerometer. b) Specimens pad
44、 consists of a soft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run only by the specimen. 4.4 Special equipment for CIF-test 4.4.1 PTFE plate (Polytetrafluorethylene) or other mater
45、ials with an equivalent hydrophobic surface serving as mould for the test surface. The geometry of the plate is adapted to the 150 mm cube mould and the thickness has to be less than 5 mm. 4.4.2 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temperature of (20 2) C and an evaporation of (45 15) g/(m h).
46、Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 5) %. The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of (225 25) cm2. The bowl is filled up to (10 1) mm from the brim. 4.4.3 Lateral sealing consists of solven
47、t-free epoxy resin or aluminium foil with butyl rubber, durable to temperatures of - 20 C and resistant against the attack of the de-icing solution. 4.4.4 Test containers. The specimens are stored in stainless steel containers during the freeze-thaw cycles. The stainless sheet metal is (0,7 0,01) mm
48、 thick. The size of the test container is selected in such a way that CEN/TR 15177:20068 the thickness of the air layer between the vertical side of the specimen and the test container is restricted to (30 20) mm. Other containers can be used for capillary suction if they assure an equivalent arrang
49、ement. During the capillary suction the test container is closed with a cover. The cover has an incline to prevent any possible condensation water from dripping onto the specimens. 4.4.5 Spacer (5 0,1) mm high placed on the container bottom to support the specimen and to guarantee a defined thickness of the liquid layer between the test surface and the container bottom. 4.4.6 Unit for adjusting liquid level, i.e. a suction device. The suction device may consist of a capillary tube with a spacer of (10 1) mm that is
