1、STD.CGSB 9.70-2000-CAN/CGSB-ENGL L87Lib50 0034802 77b CGS OGC Canadian General Standards CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 Permanence of Paper for Records, Books and Other Documents National Standard of Canada Cana1 federation of independent. autonomous organizations working towards the further development and imp
2、rovement of voluntary standardization in the national interest. The principal objectives of the Council are to foster and promote voluntary standardization as a means of advancing the national economy, benefiting the health, safety and welfare of the public. assisting and protecting the consumer, fa
3、cilitating domestic and international trade. and furthering international co-operation in the field of standards. A National Standard of Canada is a standard which has been approved by the Standards Council of Canada and one which reflects a reasonable agreement among the views of a number of capabl
4、e individuals whose collective interests provide. to the greatest practicable extent. a balance of representation of producers. users, consumers and others with relevant interests. as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. It normally is a standard that is capable of making a significant and tim
5、ely contribution to the national interest. Approval of a standard as a National Standard of Canada indicates that a standard conforms to the criteria and procedures established by the Standards Council of Canada. Approval does not refer to the technical content of the standard; this remains the cont
6、inuing responsibility of the accredited standards-development organization. Those who have a need to apply standards are encouraged to use National Standards of Canada whenever practicable. These standards are subject to periodic review; therefore, users are cautioned to obtain the latest edition fr
7、om the organization preparing the standard. The responsibility for approving National Standards of Canada rests with the: Standards Council of Canada 270 Albert Street Suite 200 Ottawa, Ontario KIP 6N7 by telephone - (819) 956-0425 or (Cunada only) - 1 -800-665-CGSB by fax - (819) 956-5644 by mail -
8、 CGSB Sales Centre Ottawa. Canada in person - Place du Portage I Phase III, 6B1 i i Laurier Street by ernaii - nCr.CgSb-nngCpWgSC.gC.Ca on the Web - http:/www.pwgsc.gc.calcgsb Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networkin
9、g permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD.CGSB D70-2000-CAN/CGSB-ENGL 1879b50 0034804 547 m NATIONAL STANDARD OF CANADA CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 PERMANENCE OF PAPER FOR RECORDS, BOOKS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS Prepared by the Canadian General Standards Board WS Approved by the Standards Council of Canada Pub
10、lished, September 2000, by the Canadian General Standards Board Ottawa, Canada K1A 1G6 O HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, the Minister responsible for the Canadian General Standards Board, (2000) No part of this publica
11、tion may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the publisher. Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD-CGSB 7.70-2000-CAN/CGSB-ENGL W L874b50 0034805 q8
12、5 CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND WRITING PAPER (Membership ar date of approval) *Costain, C. Co-Chairperson *Stewart, M. Co-Chairperson Armstrong, C. Bennett, R. Bird, A.J. Black, M. Ct, A. Cottell, R.W. Dec, C. Doane, V. Doutre, D. Dub, P. Dykstra-Lynch, M. Elmer, D. Fre
13、ebum, H.S. Gable, T.H. Giroux, Y. Graham, P. Grattan, D. Guimont, B. Gurnagul, N. Handy, J. Kleemola, D. Lileikis, A. Lorimer, R. Manning, R. Miniggio, M. Modin, W. Morin, F. Owens, K. Partington, J. Ramsay, P. Smith, O. Talarico, H. Thurgood, B. Turko, K. Weilheiser, J. Wood, W.R. Chalifoux, G. Sec
14、retary *Non-voting. Canadian Conservation Institute National Library of Canada Xerox Canada Inc. Dollco Printing Degussa Corporation Armid Marketing Inc. Canada Customs and Revenue Agency Slave Lake Pulp Corporation Rieger Printing Ink Co. Ltd. Tri-graphic Printing (Ottawa) Ltd. Domtar Fine Papers L
15、td. Rolland Inc. Dalhousie University Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. Domtar Eddy Specialty Papers City of Ottawa Industry Canada Avocet International Canadian Conservation Institute Tembec Inc. Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada Natural Resources Canada Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. Canada Post Corpor
16、ation Simon Fraser University National Library of Canada Canadian Council of Archives Provincial Papers - Division Rolland Inc. Spexel Inc. Department of Canadian Heritage Ottawa-Carleton District School Board Public Works and Government Services Canada Millar Westem Forest Products Ltd. Unisource C
17、anada National Archives of Canada University of Toronto Toronto Public Library Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada Canadian General Standards Board Acknowledgment is made for tlie trarzslation of this National Standard of Canada by tlie Translation Hiireau of Public Works and Government S
18、ervices Canada. CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CAN/CGSB-9.70-2000 CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD PERMANENCE OF PAPER FOR RECORDS, BOOKS AND OTHER
19、 DOCUMENTS PREFACE This standard was developed by the Canadian General Standards Board Subcommittee on Permanence of Paper. This Subcommittee was established in November 1991 and was harmonized with the Canadian Advisory Committee on ISOC 46/SC 10 Physical Keeping of Documents for the review and dev
20、elopment of standards relating to the permanence of paper and was approved by the CGSB Committee on Printing and Writing Paper. As in other nations, Canadian librarians, archivists and conservators have long observed the rapid deterioration which threatens much of our paper-based heritage. While sto
21、rage conditions and environmental factors contribute to this deterioration, scientists also recognized that some of the components and chemical processes used in the manufacture of paper play a large role in its decomposition. Deacidification, microfilm and digital technology can help forestall the
22、loss of deteriorating materials but are costly solutions for libraries and archives. The simple preventative strategy of printing records and publications on permanent paper can help ensure that our heritage is still usable hundreds of years from today. In drafting this standard, the Committee began
23、 with the definition of paper permanence found in the ANSI and IS0 standards: the ability of paper to last at least several hundred years without significant deterioration under normal use and storage conditions in libraries and archives. The Committee recognized that two aspects of permanence are i
24、nvolved: mechanical permanence or the maximum retention of the papers strength properties; and opricaf permanence, which is not scientifically defined but is generally assumed to mean the maximum retention of the papers original brightness and colour. Librarians and archivists are concerned about th
25、ose parameters of permanence which affect the long-term usability of paper and the legibility of the information it contains. While mechanical permanence is essential in all cases, the need for optical permanence is variable. For many applications, a degree of change in appearance can be tolerated p
26、rovided it does not have a negative impact on the legibility or reproducibility of the information. For some documents with high aesthetic or artifactual value, any degree of visible change is undesirable. While permanent paper standards exist in other countries, the debate in Canada centred on the
27、limitation on lignin-content common to these standards. This resulted in Canadas decision to submit an abstaining vote on the Draft International Standard DIS 9706. Both the ANSINSO Z39.48:1992 and IS0 9706:1994 standards contain references to the fact that some alkaline papers with levels of lignin
28、 higher than those specified in their standard passed the accelerated aging tests used in their standard development process. However, alkaline papers containing more than 1 % lignin were subsequently excluded due to the expressed need for further research to define more precisely the conditions und
29、er which higher levels of lignin are compatible with paper permanence. IS0 also indicated concern over the lack of scientific certitude around the effects of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere on lignin-containing fibres. Addressing the need to learn more about the impact of lignin on
30、paper permanence before work could begin on a Canadian standard, the CGSB Subcommittee on Permanence of Paper developed a research program for which Government and industry sponsorship was obtained. The requirements in this standard are based upon the results of this Canadian Co- operative Permanent
31、 Paper Research Project, which concluded its three-year examination of the impact of lignin on paper permanence in April 1997. This research which confirmed earlier work on mechanical properties, found that an alkaline reserve is very effective in reducing the negative impact of airborne pollutants
32、and accelerated aging on both lignin- containing and lignin-free sheets?. The key finding of this project was that in alkaline papers buffered with calcium carbonate (those with a pH of 7.0 or higher), the presence of lignin has no negative impact on their mechanical permanence. An adequate alkaline
33、 buffer is, therefore, the main determinant of mechanical permanence of paper. The CGSB standard Zou. X Gumagul, N., Deschtelets, S., Bgin, P., Iraci. J Grattan. D., Kaminska. E., and Woods, D., “Canadian Co-operative Permanent Paper Research Project: The lmpact of Lignin on Paper Permanence, Final
34、report, January 1998. Zeisler, P., Hamm, U., and Gottsching, L, “The Effect of Air Pollutants on the Permanence of Papers. Part I: Graphics Papers“, Das Papier 10: 616-628 (1995). i Copyright Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or net
35、working permitted without license from IHS-,-,-responds to questions raised about the inclusion of lignin in permanent papers by providing a scientifically based specification for mechanical Permanence. This standard recognizes that there are no specifications and thus no optical permanence assuranc
36、es offered in any of the permanent paper standards published at the time of this writing. Because there is an absence of usable science on which to base specifications, in order to give a greater level of assurance to paper buyers and users, the Committee concluded that the CGSB standard would offer
37、 guidance that will potentially provide for a high level of optical permanence based on accumulated practical experience. (See Appendix B .) As a result of these discussions, two categories of permanence have been established: I) mechanical and 2) mechanical and optical. ii Copyright Canadian Genera
38、l Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- STD-CGSB 9.70-2000-CAN/CGSB-ENGL W 187Lib50 0034808 194 , CANICGSB-9.70-2000 CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 PERMA
39、NENCE OF PAPER FOR RECORDS, BOOKS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this standard is to define permanence requirements for papers in a broad range of coated and uncoated paper grades. When used in conjunction with other CGSB paper standards specifying each grades performance and p
40、hysical requirements, this standard defines additional requirements necessary to provide a high degree of certainty that a paper will remain usable for several hundred years without significant deterioration, under normal use and storage conditions in libraries and archives. A key objective of the s
41、tandard is to ensure that paper buyers and specifiers have clear information on the permanence of any paper product meeting the requirements of this standard. The standard applies to a broad range of paper grades commonly used in the production of records, books and other documents, which could be r
42、etained by archives and libraries, such as: CANICGSB-9.1, CANKGSB-9.28, CANCGSB-9.66, and CAN/CGSB-9.67, or any other paper standards. The testing and evaluation of a product against this standard may require the use of materials and/or equipment that could be hazardous. This document does not purpo
43、rt to address all the safety aspects associated with its use. Anyone using this standard has the responsibility to consult the appropriate authorities and to establish appropriate health and safety practices in conjunction with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use. CAN/CG
44、SB-9.29, CANKGSB-9.36, CANICGSB-9.37, CAN/CGSB-9.38, CAN/CGSB-9.4 1, CANICGSB-9.5 1, REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS The following publications are referenced in this standard: Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) CANICGSB-9.1 - Bond Paper CAN/CGSB-9.28 - No. 1 and No. 2 Offset Paper CANICGSB-9.29 - Opaq
45、ue Litho Book Paper CAN/CGSB-9.36 - Bristol Printing Paper CAN/CGSB-9.37 - Index Bristol Paper CANKGSB-9.38 - Antique Finish Cover Paper CAN/CGSB-9.41 - Ledger Paper CAN/CGSB-9.5 1 - Dry Toner Xerographic Copy and Electrostatic Duplicating Copy Paper CAN/CGSB-9.66 - Coated Offset Paper CANXGSB-9.67
46、- Coated Mechanical Offset Paper. Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada (PAPTAC) G.25P - pH of Paper and Paperboard (Extract and Surface). American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSIMIS0 239.48 - Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives. 1 Copyright
47、 Canadian General Standards Board Provided by IHS under license with CGSBNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 4. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (
48、ASTM) D 4988 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Alkalinity of Paper as Calcium Carbonate (Alkaline Reserve of Paper). International Organization for Standardization (ISO) IS0 9706 - Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanence. A reference to a regulatio
49、n is always to the latest issue. A dated reference is to the issue specified. An undated reference is to the latest issue, unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this standard. The sources are given in the Notes Section. TERMINOLOGY The following definitions apply to this standard: Alkaline Reserve - A compound in paper (such as calcium carbonate) that neutralizes acid that might be generated from natural aging or atmospheric pollution. D
