CIE 155-2003 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION ((G))《紫外线空气消毒(G)》.pdf

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1、 ISBN 3 901 906 25 8 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION CIE 155:2003 UDC: 612.014.481 Descriptor: Action of radiation 628.356.15 Air cleaners THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an organisation devoted to international co-operation and exchang

2、e of information among its member countries on all matters relating to the art and science of lighting. Its membership consists of the National Committees in 38 countries and one geographical area and of 4 associate members. The objectives of the CIE are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5

3、. To provide an international forum for the discussion of all matters relating to the science, technology and art in the fields of light and lighting and for the interchange of information in these fields between countries. To develop basic standards and procedures of metrology in the fields of ligh

4、t and lighting. To provide guidance in the application of principles and procedures in the development of international and national standards in the fields of light and lighting. To prepare and publish standards, reports and other publications concerned with all matters relating to the science, tec

5、hnology and art in the fields of light and lighting. To maintain liaison and technical interaction with other international organisations concerned with matters related to the science, technology, standardisation and art in the fields of light and lighting. The work of the CIE is carried on by seven

6、 Divisions each with about 20 Technical Committees. This work covers subjects ranging from fundamental matters to all types of lighting applications. The standards and technical reports developed by these international Divisions of the CIE are accepted throughout the world. A plenary session is held

7、 every four years at which the work of the Divisions and Technical Committees is reviewed, reported and plans are made for the future. The CIE is recognised as the authority on all aspects of light and lighting. As such it occupies an important position among international organisations. LA COMMISSI

8、ON INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE La Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) est une organisation qui se donne pour but la coopration internationale et lchange dinformations entre les Pays membres sur toutes les questions relatives lart et la science de lclairage. Elle est compose de Comits Nati

9、onaux reprsentant 38 pays plus un territoire gographique, et de 4 membres associs. Les objectifs de la CIE sont : De constituer un centre dtude international pour toute matire relevant de la science, de la technologie et de lart de la lumire et de lclairage et pour lchange entre pays dinformations d

10、ans ces domaines. Dlaborer des normes et des mthodes de base pour la mtrologie dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. De donner des directives pour lapplication des principes et des mthodes dlaboration de normes internationales et nationales dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. D

11、e prparer et publier des normes, rapports et autres textes, concernant toutes matires relatives la science, la technologie et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. De maintenir une liaison et une collaboration technique avec les autres organisations internationales concernes par des s

12、ujets relatifs la science, la technologie, la normalisation et lart dans les domaines de la lumire et de lclairage. Les travaux de la CIE sont effectus par 7 Divisions, ayant chacune environ 20 Comits Techniques. Les sujets dtudes stendent des questions fondamentales, tous les types dapplications de

13、 lclairage. Les normes et les rapports techniques labors par ces Divisions Internationales de la CIE sont reconnus dans le monde entier. Tous les quatre ans, une Session plnire passe en revue le travail des Divisions et des Comits Techniques, en fait rapport et tablit les projets de travaux pour lav

14、enir. La CIE est reconnue comme la plus haute autorit en ce qui concerne tous les aspects de la lumire et de lclairage. Elle occupe comme telle une position importante parmi les organisations internationales. DIE INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION Die Internationale Beleuchtungskommission (CIE) i

15、st eine Organisation, die sich der internationalen Zusammenarbeit und dem Austausch von Informationen zwischen ihren Mitgliedslndern bezglich der Kunst und Wissenschaft der Lichttechnik widmet. Die Mitgliedschaft besteht aus den Nationalen Komitees in 38 Lndern und einem geographischen Gebiet und au

16、s 4 assoziierten Mitgliedern. Die Ziele der CIE sind : Ein internationaler Mittelpunkt fr Diskussionen aller Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik und fr den Informationsaustausch auf diesen Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Lndern zu sein. Grundnormen und Verfahre

17、n der Metechnik auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu entwickeln. Richtlinien fr die Anwendung von Prinzipien und Vorgngen in der Entwicklung internationaler und nationaler Normen auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu erstellen. Normen, Berichte und andere Publikationen zu erstellen und zu verffentlichen,

18、 die alle Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Wissenschaft, Technik und Kunst der Lichttechnik betreffen. Liaison und technische Zusammenarbeit mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zu unterhalten, die mit Fragen der Wissenschaft, Technik, Normung und Kunst auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik zu tun haben. D

19、ie Arbeit der CIE wird in 7 Divisionen, jede mit etwa 20 Technischen Komitees, geleistet. Diese Arbeit betrifft Gebiete mit grundlegendem Inhalt bis zu allen Arten der Lichtanwendung. Die Normen und Technischen Berichte, die von diesen international zusammengesetzten Divisionen ausgearbeitet werden,

20、 sind von der ganzen Welt anerkannt. Tagungen werden alle vier Jahre abgehalten, in der die Arbeiten der Divisionen berprft und berichtet und neue Plne fr die Zukunft ausgearbeitet werden. Die CIE wird als hchste Autoritt fr alle Aspekte des Lichtes und der Beleuchtung angesehen. Auf diese Weise unt

21、erhlt sie eine bedeutende Stellung unter den internationalen Organisationen. Published by the COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LECLAIRAGE CIE Central Bureau Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Vienna, AUSTRIA Tel: +43(01)714 31 87 0, Fax: +43(01)713 08 38 18 e-mail: ciecbping.at WWW: http:/www.cie.co.at/ CIE 2003 All

22、 rights reserved ISBN 3 901 906 25 8 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION CIE 155:2003 Correction Date Revision Note Cor. 1: 2004 January 2004 Page 60: old reference KOWALSKI, W.J., 2001. Design and optimization of UVGI air disinfection systems Ph.D. Thesis. State College, Architectural Engineering, Pennsyl

23、vania State University, Philadelphia, 2001. replaced by: KOWALSKI, W.J., BAHNFLETH, W.P., WITHAM D.L., SEVERIN B.F., and WHITTAM T.S., 2000a. Mathematical modeling of UVGI for air disinfection. Quantitative Microbiology 2(3), 249-270, 2000. UDC: 612.014.481 Descriptor: Action of radiation 628.356.15

24、 Air cleaners CIE 155:2003 This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-35 of Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry” and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commission Internationale de lEclairage for study and application. The document reports on cu

25、rrent knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE proceedings or CIE NEWS

26、 should be consulted regarding possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t labor par le Comit Technique CIE 6-35 de la Division 6 “Photobiologie et Photochimie” et a t approuv par le Bureau de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et emploi. Le document expose les connai

27、ssances et lexprience courantes dans le domaine particulier de la lumire et de lclairage dcrit ici. Il est destin tre utilis par les membres de la CIE et par tout les intresss. Il faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Il faut consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus

28、de la CIE, ou le CIE NEWS, en ce qui concerne des amendements nouveaux ventuels. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE Technischen Komitee 6-35 der Division 6 “Photobiologie und Photochemie” ausgearbeitet und vom Vorstand der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebilligt worden. Das Dokument ber

29、ichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessierte bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten

30、 CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE NEWS sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endorsement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these ma

31、y not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la mise sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwhnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Billigung du

32、rch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeichnissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig sind. CIE 2003 All rights reserved II CIE 155:2003 The following members of TC 6-35, “UVR Disinfection” took part in the preparation

33、of this technical report. The committee comes under Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry”. Members: Name Country A. Cabaj Austria K. Jalink The Netherlands K. Kohmoto Japan R. E. Levin USA E. A. Nardell USA R. L. Riley = USA G. J. van den Beld The Netherlands R. L. Vincent, Chairman USA Advis

34、ors: Name Country P. W. Brickner USA W. T. Chaisson USA T. Dumyahn USA M. W. First USA S. N. Rudnick USA D. H. Sliney USA = Deceased III CIE 155:2003 CONTENTS SUMMARY VI RESUME VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VI ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1. SCOPE 2 2. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UVR) 3 2.1 Propertie

35、s 3 2.2 Radiometric definitions and quantification 4 2.3 Dosimetry and the concept of photobiological dose 5 2.4 Measurement (irradiance, fluence) 6 2.5 Converting units of incident energy 7 3. MICROORGANISMS 7 3.1 Types, characteristics and disease transmission 7 3.2 Droplet nuclei - Importance of

36、particle size in disease transmission 7 4. STANDARD AIR DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGIES 8 4.1 History 8 4.2 Building ventilation and directional airflow as protection against airborne infection 9 4.3 Building ventilation with outside air - Quantitative considerations 9 4.4 Air filtration 10 4.5 Irradiatio

37、n of the air 10 5. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UVR 10 5.1 Action spectra for DNA UVR absorption 11 5.2 Photoreactivation (recovery and repair) 15 5.3 Relative humidity 15 5.4 Microorganism UV susceptibility and UV dose 16 5.5 Microorganism exponential decay (survival) curves 16 5.6 Decay rate constant, K

38、17 5.7 Table of microorganism susceptibility 17 5.8 Development of algorithms of UVGI air disinfection potential 20 5.9 Efficacy of UVR 23 6. APPLICATION OF ULTRAVIOLET GERMICIDAL IRRADIATION (UVGI) 24 6.1 Criteria to determine UVGI placement 24 6.2 Models to assess the potential of transmission of

39、infectious disease 24 6.3 Whole building coverage 24 6.4 Upper-room UVGI air disinfection 24 6.5 Upper-room UVGI system planning, installation and commissioning 25 6.6 Upper-room UVGI guidelines and standards 25 6.7 Guidance for UVGI in resource-limited countries 26 IV CIE 155:2003 6.8 Commissioning

40、, monitoring, and maintenance of upper-room UVGI systems 26 6.9 Models for evaluating the effectiveness of upper-room UVGI and ventilation designs 27 6.10 Passive upper-room UVGI fixtures 27 6.11 Portable self-contained fixture UVR-fan cabinets units 29 6.12 Air duct irradiation with UVR 29 6.13 UVR

41、 decontamination of surfaces 31 7. GERMICIDAL LAMPS AND BALLAST 31 7.1 Characteristics of germicidal lamps and ballast combinations 31 7.2 Types of mercury vapor discharge lamps 32 7.3 Low pressure mercury vapor lamps 32 7.4 Medium-pressure mercury 37 7.5 Ozone 37 7.6 Maintenance 38 7.7 Energy and e

42、nvironment issues - Mercury 38 7.8 Ballast 38 8. HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDANCE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO UVR 39 8.1 Monitoring daily exposure to stray UVR 39 8.2 HIV - Human Immune Deficiency Virus mutation 40 8.3 Protective measures for workers if UV sources were used in open 41 8.4 UV impacts on plants a

43、nd materials 41 8.5 Carcinogenic effects 41 8.6 Warnings 41 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42 GLOSSARY 42 REFERENCES 56 V CIE 155:2003 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION SUMMARY In the 1870s, using solar radiation as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) source, studies were initiated to understand the mole

44、cular changes in living organisms produced by UVR absorption. In the 20thcentury, with the invention of electric mercury-vapor arc lamps, a controllable, economical source of germicidal, short wavelength, 253,7 nm UVR became available. Systematic study of UVR impacts on biological systems across sev

45、eral disciplines began, using germicidal UVR lamps. UVR impacts on biological systems have been studied to provide understanding for protection of human beings from hazardous exposure and the capacity of UVR to stem the spread of infectious diseases by inactivating microorganisms in food, water and

46、air. Since global incidents of bioterrorism have escalated from the late 20thcentury into the 21st, mitigation of biological threats in congregate settings within buildings has taken on further significance for UVR air and surface disinfection and decontamination. Additionally, multi-drug resistant

47、strains of airborne infectious agents have been increasing. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is the most prominent. With 2 billion persons infected by TB and 2 million dying per year, it is the single largest adult killer among infectious diseases. A greater understanding of the potential of UVR air

48、disinfection is needed. This report summarises the present state of knowledge of UVR air disinfection and provides recommendations for future work in research, standardization and testing procedures. STERILISATION DE LAIR PAR RAYONNEMENT ULTRAVIOLET RESUME Dans les annes 1870, utilisant le rayonneme

49、nt solaire comme source de radiations ultraviolettes (RUV), des tudes ont t entreprises pour apprhender les modifications molculaires induites par labsorption des RUV chez les organismes vivants. Au 20esicle, avec linvention de lampes arc lectrique vapeur de mercure, on a dispos dune source de RUV germicide, conomique et contrlable, de courte longueur donde (253,7 nm). Une approche multidisciplinaire systmatique de

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