1、COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L ECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION IN TERNA TIONA L E BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION LIGHTING FOR TENNIS PUBLICATION CIE No 42 (TC-4.4) 1978 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE BUREAU CENTRAL DE LA CIE COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illuminat
2、ionLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 42 78 m 9006345 0001693 OT5 W -2- This report has been approved by the majority of the Committee on which most Member Countries of the CIE are represented, and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recom
3、mendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not manda tory. Ce rapport a 6th approuv par la majorit du Comit dans lequel la plupart des Pays Membres de la CIE sont reprsents, et il est recommand po
4、ur les tudes et applications. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation Officielle de la CIE approuve par les Comit Nationaux des Pays Membres. I1 faut noter que toutes les recommandations publies dans ce rapport doivent tre considres comme des conseils et nont pas un caractre obligatoire. Dieser Beric
5、ht entspricht der Mehrheit der Meinungen des Komitees, in dem die meisten Mitgliedslnder der CIE vertreten sind, und wird zum zuknftigen Studium empfohlen. Er ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE- Empfehlung, die von den Nationalen Komitees der Mit- gliedslnder anerkannt wurde. Es mu darauf hinge- wie
6、sen werden, da alle Empfehlungen dieses Berichts nur als Anleitung dienen und nicht verbindlich sind. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 42 78 B 9006145 0001694 T3L -3- This document has been prepared by the Committee for Sports Lighting T
7、C 4.4 during the period 1974 - 1977. Composition of the Committee during this period was: Chairman : A. Wald Secretary : C.-H. Zieseni Coordinator : H.W. Bodmann Members : D. Augustsson R.C. Aldworth * J. J. Balder * W.H.C. Bunnet G.R. Chahparunians * P. Gergely * R. Grandi B. Habro * M. Hennaux E.
8、Kasurinen H. Kessler * S.W. McKnight Th. Lemons * 1- Maior D. Mendes Ib. Ovesen * R. Paligoric H. Prochazka * S. Raso J. Ringen J.M. Rivero T. Saitow M. Sand H. Stuven Lira J. Valin * N. Vassilev M. Wierzbowski * W. Wilmens Germany II 11 Iceland Great Britain Netherlands Australia USSR Hungary Italy
9、 Sweden Belgium Finland Switzerland Canada USA Rumania Portugal Denmark Yugoslavia Aus tria Czechoslovenska Norway Spain Japan Israel Chile France Bulgaria Poland South Africa * Working group COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 42 78 I 90063
10、45 O003695 778 -4- Summary This report presents a summary of experience in the lighting of tennis courts. Recommendations are given for daylight and artificial light in indoor tennis courts. The report provides a guidance for the selection of lamps, luminaires and lighting systems. The same themes -
11、 daylight excepted - are dealt with for outdoor tennis courts. Ce rapport r.sume 1 exprience acquise dans 1 clairage des courts de tennis. I1 propose des recommandations po.ur ltclairage naturel et artificiel des courts de tennis couverts. Le rapport donne des indications pour le choix des lampes, d
12、es luminaires et des dispositifs dclairage, Il traite galement des courts de tennis de plein air, sauf en ce qui concerne la lumire naturelle. Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht bietet eine Zusammenfassung der Erfahrungen bei der Beleuchtung von Tennispltzen. Es werden Empfehlungen gegeben fr das Tages-
13、 und Kunstlicht fur Tennisplatze im Innenraum, Der Bericht gibt Hinweise fr die Auswahl von Lampen, Leuchten und Beleuchtungssystemen. Dieselben Themen - Tageslicht ausgenommen - werden fr die Tennisplatze im Freien behandelt. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information
14、 Handling Services1. CIE 42 78 m 900bL45 0001696 04 = -5- TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2. Indoor Tennis Courts 2.1 Reflectance of walls, ceiling and floor 2.2 Daylighting and windows 2.3 Artificial lighting . 2.3.1 General aspects relating to the lighting system 2.3.2 Illuminance and uniformity 2.
15、3.3 Choice of light sources and screening 2.4 Spectator accommodation 2.5 Mechanical protection, installation and maintenance 3. Outdoor Tennis Courts 3- 1 Background screening 3.2 Artificial lighting 3.2.1 General aspects relating to the lighting system 3.2.2 Illuminance 3.2.3 Choice of light sourc
16、es 3.3 Installation and maintenance 7 8 a 9 10 10 12 13 15 15 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 Captions to Figs. 1 - 3 20 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 42 78 E 9006/45 0003677 740 1. -7- Introduction These recommendations relate to the lighting o
17、f indoor and outdoor tennis courts, that is, all buildings or areas specifically designed for the sport of tennis. Whilst the dimensions and marking of tennis courts are standardised, the design of lighting both natural and artificial will depend on the individual site conditions. For this reason, i
18、ndoor and outdoor courts are dealt with sepa- rately. This dimensions of tennis courts are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The height of the net is 0.91 to 1.06 m. The diameter of the tennis ball is 6.3 cm to 6.6 cm. The ball can be white, off- white orcolouredand has a matt finish. Grass, shales, asphalt o
19、r an concrete ar.e the most common surfaces used for outdoor courts, whilst indoor courts can use painted wood, plastic, rubber or synthetic fibre carpets. Inflatable structures can use all the above surfaces except grass. It is not possible to draw up a comprehen- sive list of court surfaces as thi
20、s is the subject of constant experiment within tennis clubs. The general requirements for lighting of sports events for colour television are given in CIE Publication No. 28 “The Lighting of sports events for colour TV broadcasting“, 1975. It should be noted that unlike most of the sports areas desc
21、ribed in that publication, the teleuision cameras for tennis are positioned at the ends of the court. As floodlights behind the cameras would cause unacceptable glare to players, the television Previous page is blank COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling
22、Services2. 2.1 lighting must be positioned at the sides of the court. With this system it is still possible to obtain good quality television pictures. Indoor Tennis Courts Reflectance of walls, ceiling and floor Tennis makes high demands on visual perception. The small ball attains high speed, ofte
23、n over a short distance, so that there is only a very limited time to judge the flight of the ball correctly. In addition, the players move rapidly in various directions. The players and the ball are mainly seen against the floor and rear walls and high balls are also seen against the ceiling. There
24、 must therefore be a strorgcontrast in lumi- nance between the players and, the ball and their backgrounds. Great differences in luminance over the floor and wall areas hamper perception and must therefore be avoided. In view of this, glossy materials are unsuitable as finishes for these surfaces. E
25、qually, the marking lines on the floor should not be glossy, It is advisable to keep the ceiling and walls plain. Strong contrasting patterns of lines or areas, formed by the structure or internal finishes of the building, should be avoided. A limited number of elements providing an indi- cation of
26、scale can, however, assist in orientation and make distance easier to estimate. Walls or curtains used to stop out of play balls may be con- sidered in this respect. In order to archieve generally acceptable luminance ratios the reflectance of the wallsshould be between 0.2 and 0.6. It is preferable
27、 to keep to the lower COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services2.2 CIE 42 78 I 7006345 0001ib 513 -9- value for te rear walls. Coloured, rather than grey, walls are preferable since a contrasting colour makes it easier to see the ball.(Balls should g
28、enerally be chosen such as to obtain a good contrast with the background both in colour and luminance. ) The reflectance of the ceiling should be higher than 0.6 in order to limit the brightness con- trast between the light sources and the ceiling. With regard to the floor, a reflectance of at least
29、 0.25 is preferred. Daylighting and windows For indoor tennis daylighting and a view of the outside are not required. Perception can be par- ticularly difficult where a large proportion of the wall area is glazed. If daylight is excluded players will find it easier to concentrate on the game under s
30、table lighting conditions provided by well designed artificial lighting. In sports halls where windows are fitted for other reasons, the following points should be observed: - Direct sunlight is always a nuisance and must be avoided. - Even if direct sunlight is absent when daylight is used, or when
31、 there is visual contact with the exterior, measures should be taken to prevent areas of high luminancescausing distraction to players. - Windows in the wall behind the base lines will always be annoying and must be avoided. - Daylight entering from adjacent areas can also give rise to troublesome g
32、lare. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services- The diffusion of sunlight and daylight, for example, by frosted glass, provides no guarantee against glare. On the contrary, conditions can become even less favourable as a result. - The use of large a
33、rea roof lights can result in acceptable luminance ratios, provided they are correctly situated and adequately screened with respect to the tennis courts. - When daylight is used, entering either through the roof or the walls, its effect on the gene- ral indoor environment especially with regard to
34、reflections on the floor must be taken in- to account. In inflated halls there is, in general, no problem with daylighting due to the low transmission of the skin material and the relatively large area through which the daylight is admitted. 2.3 Artificial lighting 2.3.1 General aspects relating to
35、the lighting system A large part of the ceiling above the court is frequently in the players field of view. It is therefore important to keep the ceiling as uncluttered as possible. In particular, light sources of high luminance should be avoided. The background brightness, against which the ball is
36、 seen, should be as uniform as possible. From a lighting engineering viewpoint there are two possible ways to achieve this goal: i. By direct lighting at the sides of the court. ii. By use of a luminous ceiling; this can consist either of louvre of diffusing ceiling panels with the lamps above, or o
37、f a solid light coloured matt surface with light directed onto it. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services- 11 - The direct lighting method can utilise either tubular fluorescent or high pressure discharge lamps. The system of luminaires must be ex
38、tended beyond the base lines in order to achieve an adequate illuminance level at the ends of the court. A sidelighting system can be supple- mented by a proportion of overhead lighting (See 2.3.3 (a). This approach is usually the most attractive system from a lighting and an economic viewpoint. In
39、the case of a luminous ceiling the luminance of opal diffusing material can be too high if the system is to provide E high level of ilh- minance. To avoid this, the ceiling may be screened by vertical baffles. If indirect lighting is used screening 2s more dlfficult and the coefficient of utilisatio
40、n is lower than with direct lighting. Indirect lighting is usually adopted where other lighting installations are impossible for architectural reasons as in infla- tabel halls or in halls with retractable roofs. Because of the low coefficient of utilisation of indirect lighting light sources of high
41、 efficacy and luminaires of high light output ratio are usually employed. The ceiling area available for indirect lighting in an inflatable hall is much greater than in a conventional hall which means that a lower ceiling luminance is required to achieve a given horizontal illuminance over the court
42、. Where possible it is recommended khat an indirect lighting system should be supplemented by a pro- portion of direct lighting. This will enhance modelling which in turn will assist perception and increase the overall effectiveness of the installation. COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumina
43、tionLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 42 i8 I 9006345 O003702 938 - 12 - 2.3.2 Illuminance and uniformity The average illuminance in the horizontal plane at floor level is generally taken as the basis for illuminance recommendations. One of the reasons for this is that this concept is ea
44、sy to apply in practice. Nevertheless, the illu- minance on vertical surfaces is also important. Acceptable values of horizontal illuminance are: i. For tournament tennis 750 lux ii. For training 500 UX With these levels direct lighting with adequate glare control will lead to acceptable illuminatio
45、n on vertical surfaces. iii. For recreational tennis 300 lux All these values are service values. Allowance for depredation of the installations will depend on local conditions. Initial illuminance values will need to be about 1.2 to 1.5 times the service values. The illuminance uniformity in the ho
46、rizontal plane at floor level must be such that the ratio between the average and minimum illuminance within the playing area is not greater than 1.3 for tournament tennis and not greater than 1.5 for training and recreational tennis. Illuminances higher than the levels mentioned above lead to impro
47、ved visual conditions provided quality requirements are maintained with regard to the uni- formity, glare control and luminance ratios. This should be considered in situations where tennis Competitions are played and where there is accomo- dation for spectators. COPYRIGHT International Commission on
48、 IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 42 78 E 7006345 0001703 874 E - 13 - 2.3.3 Choice of light source and screening In general, lamps falling within colour rende- ring group 2 according to CIE Publication No. 29 on Interior Lighting“, Chapter 6, will be acceptable . (a) Tubula
49、r fluorescent lamps are best suited for those designs where the light sources are arranged in lines at the sides of the court or are above a luminous ceiling. Steps should be taken to limit the luminance of the luminaires mounted at the side of the court. This can be done by using luminaires with a large luminous surface or by screening the lamps. The shielding angle in the vertical plane, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tennis court, should be at least 30 and, if possible, up to 45 . O A sidelighting system can
