1、 CIE 53 82 = 9006345 0002308 blT = ISBN 92-9034-053-3 COM M ISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LIC LAI RAG E INTERNATIONAL COM M ISS1 ON ON I LLU M IN ATION I N TER NATI O NALE B ELEU C HTU N G SKO M M ISS I ON METHODS OF CHARACTERIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF RADIOMETERS AND PHOTOMETERS - Pbl. NO. CIE 53 - 1982 C
2、OPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 53 82 m 9006Lit5 0002309 556 This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 2.2 Detectors. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is recommended for study and applicat
3、ion. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendation in this report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Bulletin should be consulted regarding t
4、he current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 2.2. Detecteurs de la CIE. 11 a t approuv par la majorit du Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et application. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation officielle de la CE, appro
5、uve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Membres de la CIE. Ii doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne titre de conseil et non dobligation. En ce qui concerne la situation prsente de ce Rapport et dventuelles modifications, il faut consulter le plus rcent Compte Rendu de Session ou B
6、ulletin de la CIE. Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen Komitee 2.2 Detektoren der CIE ausgearbeitet. Er wurde durch die Mehr- heit des Technischen Komitees gebilligt und wird zum Studium und zur Anwendung empfohlen. Dieser Bericht ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, der die Nationalen Ko
7、mitees der Mitgiedsinder der CIE zuge- stimmt haben. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass jede Empfehlung in diesem Bericht als Anleitung dient und nicht verbindlich ist. Was den gegenwrtingen Status dieses Berichtes und mgliche Nachfolge-Ausgaben angeht, ziehe man die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder d
8、as CIE-Bulletin zu Rate. ISBN 92-9034-053-3 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 53 82 I 70061115 0002310 278 I The following members of Committee TC-2.2 took part in the preparation of the technical report: Les membres suivant du comit TC-2
9、.2 ont particips a la prparation du rapport tec hni que: Die folgenden Mi tarbei ter des Komi tees TC-2.2 haben sich an der Ausarbeitung des Technischen Berichtes beteiligt: Chairman of Subcommittee C.L. SANDERS (till 77) J. SCHANDA (from 78) Members Membres Mi tgl jeder R. ANDREJCHIN M. ARTOM J.J.
10、BALDER W. BUDDE A. CORRONS F. DESVIGNES A.J.D. FARMER A.A. GAERTNER (from 79) G. GEUTLER E.J. GILLHAM F. HENGSTBERGER (Chairman from 80) B. HISDAL V.G. IGNATJEV V. KOP (from 77) J. KRTIL (from 78) M. LIPOWSKI F. MAEDER G. MUSA M. NONAKA A. OTTOSON (from 78) R. PASTIELS H. REITER J. SCHANDA (Chairman
11、 till 80) T. TIMONEN E. F. ZALEWSKI Consultants Consultants Berater J. BASTIE G. BAUER P. BLAISE W. BLEVIN F.J.J. CLARKE H.P. Field J. GEIST F. GRUM M. HALSTEAD O. C. JONES R. KALAIDGIEVA C.J. KOK J. KROCHMANN Canada Hungary Bu1 garia Italy Netherlands Canada Spain France Austral ia Canada F.R.G. Gr
12、eat Britain South Africa Norway U.S.S.R. Denmark Czechoslovakia Pol and Switzerland Roman i a Japan Sweden Belgium Austria Hungary Fin1 and U.S.A. France F.R.G. France Austral i a U.K. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U. K. U. K. Bu1 gari a South Africa F.R.G. - III - COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illum
13、inationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 53 82 I 9006345 00023IIII II04 I R.D. LOZANO L. MIDDENDORF J. MOORE L. MORREN J.V. NICHOLS M. POPPE W. STANIOCH E. STEEB R.A. WALKER Editorial Comi ttee: F. HENGSTBERGER J. KROCHMANN J.R. MOORE C.L. SANDERS J. SCHANDA (chairman) Argentina U.S.A. U.
14、K. Belgium N.Z. Hungary Pol and U.S.A. U.S.A. South Africa F.R.G. U.K. Canada Hu nga ry - IV - COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 53 82 I 9006345 0002332 040 SUMMARY The technical report out1 ines procedures for characterizing the performa
15、nce of radiometers with special attention to photometers. Quantitative methods are given for evaluating the most important errors. These include: the systematic errors in the calibration; the errors caused by non-standard spectral response; the non-standard spatial evaluation of irradiance (illumina
16、nce), spherical irradiance (illuminance), cy1 indrical irradiance (illuminance) or radiance (luminance); non-1 ineari ty; fatigue; and temperature coefficient. Ways of judging the significance of less important aspects are suggested. These include: reading error; influence of modulated radiation; in
17、fluence of polarization; non-uniform responsivity; instability of responsivity; zero drift; etc. This report deals with the general problems of evaluation of photometric and radiometric instruments. Numerical requirements will be presented for the single types of instruments in later reports. Tables
18、 are given of relative spectral distributions of 5 special sources which can be used to make an estimate of the quality of the V(h)-correction of measuring heads. RESUME METHODES POUR CHARACTER ISER LES PROPR IETES DES RADIOMETRES ET PHOTOMETRES Le rapport technique dcrit brivement les procdures sui
19、vre afin de characterise les proprits caractristiques des radiometres, tout en accordant une attention speciale aux photomtres. Des mthodes quantitatives sont dcri tes pour lvaluation des erreurs les plus impprtantes. Ce1 les-ci incluent: les erreurs systmatiques dans ltalonnage; les erreurs causes
20、par une rponse spectrale nonnormal ise; levaluation spatiale nonnormalise de la luminance nergtique (lumineuse) ou de lclairement nergtique (lumineux) sur une surface plane, sphrique ou cylindrique; le dfaut de linarit; la fatigue des dtecteurs; et le coef f i c i en t de tempra ture. Des suggestion
21、s sont faites quant la faon de juger de limportance des facteurs secondaires. Ceux-ci incluent: lerreur de lecture; linfluence de la modulation du rayonnement; linfluence de la polarisation; une sensibilit nonuniforme; une sensib instable; la drive du zro; etc. On trouvera dans des tableaux les rpar
22、titions spectrales relatives de 5 sources typ pour estimer la qualit dadjustement V(A) de la tete de mesure. - lit ques ZUSAMMENFASSUNG METHODEN ZUR KENNZEICHNUNG VON RADIOMETER:! UND PHOTOMETERN Dieser technische Bericht beschreibt Methoden fr die Charakterisierung der Eigenschaften von Radiometern
23、 mit speziel ler Anwendung auf Photometer. Quanti tative Methoden fr die Bewertung der wichtigsten Fehlerquellen werden angegeben. Diese sind: systematische Fehler bei der Ka1 ibrierung, Unterschiede zwischen der idealen und der tatschlichen spektralen Empfindl ichkei tsverteilung, Fehler der rum1 i
24、chen Bewertung bei der Messung der Bestrahlungsstrke (Beleuchtungsstrke) , Raumbestrahlungsstarke (Raumbe- leuchtungsstrke) oder zylindrischer Bestrahlungsstrke (zyl indri scher Beleuchtungsstrke) , Linearittsfehler, Ermdung, Temperaturkoeffizient. Methoden zur Abschtzung des Einflusses der weniger
25、wichtigen Fehlerquellen werden vorgeschlagen. Diese sind: Ablesefehler, Effekte bei modulierter Strahlung, Polarisationseffekte, ungl eichmssi? Empfindlichkeit ber die Empfngerflche, zeitliche Aenderungen der Empfind1 ichkeit, Nullpunktswanderung, usw. Dieser Bericht beschreibt die allgemeinen Frage
26、n der Bewertung photometrischer und radiometrischer Instrumente. Numerische Anforderungen bezgl ich der einzelnen Instrumententypen werden in weiteren Berichten beschrieben. Tabellen der Strahlungsfunktionen von 5 besonderen Strahlungsquellen, die fr die Abschtzung der Gte der V( h)-Anpassung von Me
27、sskpfen benutz werden knnen, sind beigefgt. -v- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 53 82 90063Lt5 0002333 T87 W TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . .INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Purpose 1 1.2. Errors . 1 1.3. Scope 2 1.4. Procedures for determining and stating
28、 errors 2 1.4.1. Possible procedures . 2 2 . DEFINITIONS . 2 2.2. Radiometer photometer head . 2 2.3. Influence quantity . 3 2.4. Responsivity (sensitivity) . 3 2.5. Spectral responsivity 3 2.5.1. Absolute spectral responsivity 3 2.5.2. Relative spectral responsivity 4 2.6. Relative responsivity 4 2
29、.7. Linearity 5 2.8. Further terms and definitions 5 2.8.1. Radiance 5 2.8.2. Irradiance 6 2.8.3. Spherical irradiance 6 2.8.4. Cylindrical irradiance 6 1.4.2. Suggested procedures 2 2.1. Detector (of optical radiation) 2 3 . SPECIFIC ERRORS FOR WHICH A RECOMMENDED QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT IS AVAILAB
30、LE 7 3.1. Errors in calibration of the instrument 7 3.2. Non-standard relative spectral responsivity of photometer head . 8 3.2.1. Introduction 8 3.2.2. Presentation of (x) . 8 3.2.3. Calculation of error 10 3.2.4. Test sources for use in estimating possible errors 11 3.2.5. IR-responsivity of photo
31、meters 11 3.2.6. (h) independent of t, E and cp . 11 3.3. Directional evaluation . 12 3.3.1. Irradiance meters illuminance meters 12 3.3.2. Spherical irradiance illuminance meters . 13 3.3.3. Cylindrical irradiance illuminance meters . 13 3.3.4. Radiance 1 umi nance meters . 14 3.4. Non-linearity 15
32、 3.5. Reading error 16 3.6. Fatigue 16 3.7. Temperature coefficient 17 3.8. Influence of frequency of modulated radiation 18 3.9. Influence of polarization 18 3.10.Influence of non-uniform irradiation of the detector . 19 4 . SPECIFIC ERRORS FOR WHICH A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT IS NOT YET RECOMMENDED
33、 . 20 4.1. Instability of spectral and absolute responsivity 20 4.2. Zero setting drift . 20 . VI . COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 53 82 I 9006145 0002334 913 I 4.3. Susceptibility to damage from shock. vibration. temperature. altitude.
34、 humidity and optical radiation 4.4. Influence of magnetic fields 4.6. Instability of radiometer to mains or battery voltage change 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 4.5. Errors arising from range change 4.7. Specification of effective measurement area and plane . 4.8. Response time . 22 4.9. Shading by the obse
35、rver . 4.1O.Ease and frequency of calibration . 5 . OTHER CONSIDERATIONS (NOT ERROR CAUSING) . 22 5.1. Ease of use . 22 23 5.2. Versatil i ty . 6 . BIBLIOGRAPHY . 23 . VI1 . COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services- CIE 53 82 m 900b1i15 0002315 85T
36、1 I NTRODUCT I ON 1.1. PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to put forward as far as possible an objective means by which users may evaluate specific properties of radiometers and photometers which are under consideration for a given application. The factors, which constitute this evaluation system
37、 and which are considered by members of TC-2.2 to be important in the use of a radio- meter or photometer, may serve also as a guide to manufacturers in developing improved radiometric and photometric instruments. By radiometric instrument is meant any device for measuring optical radiation which th
38、us includes a photometer, since this would just have a Cer ta i n spectra 1 res pons e. The rating of a radiometer involves numerous properties which may be considered individually. Some properties cause definite related errors which can be assigned quantitative values and the instruments can be ran
39、ked for each of those properties. Other properties cannot, .at present, be assigned a quantitative value and any ranking for each of these is a SUbJeCtiVe or qualitative one. It has been decided by the committee that assigning an overall rating based on all properties is not possible, although some
40、general guidance can be given to the user. 1.2. ERRORS The errors in radiometry, which are caused by poor calibration procedures, improper maintenance, stray 1 ight resulting from poor techniques, inaccurate lamp orientation, inaccurate distance measurement, etc., are not considered here. They wuld
41、be present even if the instruments were perfect. Error tolerances for each of the items in Section 3 can be established only by the user. The total of the individual errors fi must never add to more than the maximum permissible error. It is not appropriate to calculate the accumulated error by using
42、 1/2 - ?(fi 123 1 when the errors are mostly systematic with a definite size and direction rather than random errors of indeterminant size and direction. Where errors are stable and well established and amount to (or exceed) a significant fraction of the maximum error permitted in the measurement, t
43、he user should (must) correct for these errors as well as he can. The error for a single measurement resulting from a certain cause should therefore be specified as a systematic error plus a standard deviation in the evaluation of the error. With that procedure the systematic errors could be elimina
44、ted by corrections and the square root of the sum of the individual standard deviations squared could be used as an indication of the uncertainty. Correction for the expected systematic errors can be made correction can be applied for the standard deviation in the instrument reading which results fr
45、om this particular error. Most of the properties are dependent on several influence quantities. Therefore, when the dependency of the device output on one of the variables is being determined, it is very important to fix the other parameters at representative or average values. For example, if the s
46、pectral responsivity is being determined, the radiation should be unpolarized and incident normally (or uniformly in a specified solid angle if that is more appropriate); the irradiance should be uniform and cover all of the detector or a specific part; the ambient temperature should be 25 OC*; the
47、radiation should be steady. “IS0 Publ.: No 3205-1976 recommends 23OC, but CIE and IEC publications contain, for the but no time being 25OC. -1- COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 53 82 B 9006145 0002316 796 E 1.3. SCOPE The document is int
48、ended for al 1 photometric and radiometric instruments which include instruments for measuring luminance, luminous flux, illuminance (spherical and cy1 indrical illuminance), luminous intensity, luminous exposure (quantity of light) and the radiometric equivalents of these with any specified target
49、spectral response. 1.4. PROCEWRES FOR DETERMINING AND STATING ERRORS I. 4.1. Possible procedures One could provide with each instrument the detailed measurements from which the error for a particular measurement situation could be calculated. One could instead calculate error expected for several selected measurement situations and give this expected error for each case. The user would then need to judge which situation approximated his present measurement s
