1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT Soil improvers and growing media - Guidelines for the safety of users, the environment and plants ICs 65.080 PD CR 13455: 1999 -o nwm U- NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW u = - STD-BSI PD CR 13455-ENGL 1999 m 1624669 OB10196 732 m been prepared
2、 under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 1999 Amd. No. O BSI 11-1999 ISBN O 680 35157 2 PD CR 13455:1999 Date Comments National foreword This Published Document repro
3、duces verbatim CR 13455:1999. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AWDO, Top soil and other growing media, which has the responsibility to: - aid enquirers to understand the text; - present to the responsible internationaVEhropean committee any enquiries on th
4、e interpretation, or proposais for change, and keep the UK interests - monitor related international and European developments and promulgate IIlfOlIkled; them in the iJK A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British S
5、tandards which implement international publicatiorw referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standarcis Correspondence index”, or by using the “Find* facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does
6、not purport to include ali the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside
7、 front cover, the CR title page, pages 2 to 92, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. - STD.BSI PD CR 13455-ENGL 1999 m ltb24bb9 OBLOL97 b79 m CEN REPORT RAPPORTCEN CEN BERICHT CR 13455 July 1999 Englis
8、h version Soil improvers and growing media - Guidelines for the safety of users, the environment and plants This CEN Report was approved by CEN on 17 March 1999. H has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEWC 223. CEN members ere lhe nationai siandards bodies of Austria. Belgium, Czech RepuMi,
9、Denmaii, Finland, Franca, Germany, Greece. Iceland. Ireand, itaiy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. Norway, Portugal. Spain, Sweden. Switzerland end United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMlTEE FOR STANDARDEATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG CO MIT EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION Central SecretcirY: rua de Stassart, 36 B
10、-10!50 Brusrel8 O i999 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwira for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CR 13455:1999 E Page 2 CR 1 3455: 1999 Contents Foreword 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. STD.BS1 PD CR 13455-ENGL 3777 Lb24bb7 0830198 505 H scope Terms and definitions 2.1 2.2 2.3
11、 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.1 1 2.12 soil improver growing media ham hazard risk contaminant pollutant potentially toxic element user intended use reasonably foreseeable misuse safety Description of hazards and products Product safety assessment 4.1 Fire 4.2 Dust explosion 4.3 Potentially Toxic
12、Elements 4.4 Organic contaminants 4.5 Mineral constituents 4.6 allergens 4.7 Traumatic hazard 4.8 Dust 4.9 Radiation 4.1 O Physicochemical 4.1 1 Seeds and propagules 4.12 Plastic, glass, metal and other undesirable materials 4.13 Eutrophication agents 4.14 Gaseous emission 4.15 Phytotoxic factors 4.
13、16 Plant pathogens Biological hazards, pathogens to humans and animals; microbial by-products and Summary of hazards and corresponding recommended actions Annex A Background Annex B Metal limits in soil improvers and growing media note for discussion Annex C Heavy Metal Limits in Soil Improvers: Dis
14、cussion Guidelines Annex D Proposal for the elaboration of precautionary soil values Annex E Working priorities for WG 2 Bibliography page 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 9 10 21 25 27 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 58 78 84 85 - - STD*BSI PD CR 13455-ENGL 1999 1624667 0830379 44% Page 3 C
15、R 13455: 1999 Introduction This CEN report has been drawn up by CEWC 223, Soil improvers and growing media, Working Group 2, Safety. This report is primarily intended to inform the other Working Groups of CEN/TC 223 on significant health and safety issues related to soil improvers and growing media
16、(SIMA). It also classifies the hazards and risks from soil improvers and growing media so that technical information is available for manufacturers, users and regulators to refer to when evaluating the necessaty risk minimization strategies to be adopted. This comprehensive information is also inten
17、ded as a resource to manufacturers, to assess their own products in relation to the markets that they sell in, to retailers and suppliers and to users of these products. The objective of Working Group 2 of TC 223 was to examine aspects of soil improvers and growing media that are related to safety,
18、and to propose to TC 223 the measures to ensure the protection of users and the environment from risks derived from the use of soil improvers and growing media. WG 2 adopted the definition of safety of ISO/IEC Guide 51 (1990) Guidefines for the inclusion of safety aspecis in Standads, as freedom fro
19、m unacceptable risk of harm. 1. scope This document contains an assessment of the safety implications of soil improvers and growing media. This assessment provides a framework in which guidelines have been suggested to protect users (the exposed human population in general), the environment (flora,
20、fauna, and ecosystems in a broad sense, including soil and water) and plants that are grown in the soil improver or growing medium. Each hazard is discussed separately and includes: 0 a description of the hazard; 0 existing regulations that are relevant; 0 a discussion of the applicability of the ha
21、zard to soil improvers and growing media; and; 0 recommended safety guidelines formulated by WG 2 of CEN/TC 223. This is summarized with a list of the hazards and corresponding recommended actions. The annexes contain references and background information. Not included in WG 2s investigations were t
22、hose quality aspects that are: 0 commonly referred to as mess for purpose, .e. formulation that makes a product suited to satisfy a specific market application; the commercial quality, composition or 0 pertaining to consumer protection from commercial fraud including product conformity to a stated c
23、omposition and tolerances of deviations from it. STD.BSI PD CR 13455-ENGL 1999 1b24bb 0810200 T3 Page 4 CR 13455:1999 2. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this report, the following terms and definitions apply : 2.1 soli improver material added to soil in situ primarily to maintain or improv
24、e its physical properties, and which may improve its chemical and/or biological properties or activity. CR 13456 : -1 2.2 growing dia Material, other than soils in situ, in which plants are grown. CR 13456 : -1 2.3 harm physical injury or damage to the heaith of people or damage to property or the e
25、nvironment. ISO/IEC Guide 51 J 2.4 hazard potential source of harm. ISO/IEC Guide 511 2.5 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the seventy of that harm. ISOAEC Guide 511 2.6 contamlnant a substance, material or agent that is unwanted in a soil improver or growing medium or t
26、heir constituents. 2.7 pollutant a contaminant present in a soil improver or growing medium which due to its properties, amount or concentration causes harm. 2.8 potentially toxic element chemical elements that have a potential to cause toxicity to humans, flora and fauna. Typically this term refers
27、 to “heavy metals“ and others such as arsenic, selenium, boron, fluorine which exhibit a typical, dose related, sharp toxicity curve. 2.9 user anybody exposed to the product, including professional and non-professional (amateur) users, and general public exposed not from an user standpoint. 2.10 int
28、ended use the use of a product, process or senrice in accordance with information provided by the supplier. ISOAEC Guide 511 2.1 1 reasonably foreseeable misuse the use of a product, process or service in way not intended by the supplier, but which may result from readily predictable human behaviour
29、. 2.12 safety freedom from unacceptable risk. ISO/IEC Guide 51 J 3. Description of hazards and products The hazard posed by a product and the risk of that hazard being expressed depend on the: 0 producttype; 0 conditions of use of the product, (including both intended use and reasonably foreseeable
30、misuse); 0 user; and 0 victim of harm. STD-BSI PD CR 13455-ENGL 1794 W Lb24bb7 08L020L 72T m Page 5 CR 134551999 The hazards from soil improvers and growing media considered in this report are the following categories: a) physical hazards (inhalation, ingestion, or contact with harmful physical agen
31、ts); - traumatic (e.g. laceration, punctures, abrasion), - radiation (including ionizing), b) fire and explosion hazard (hazards immediately linked with fire or explosion, or incurred as their secondary consequences, including damage to property); c) physicochemical hazard (pH); d) chemical hazards
32、(inhalation, ingestion or contact with harmful chemical agents) of inorganic or organic nature; - dst, - main chemical constituents, - contaminants or additives, - microbial by-products (e.g. mycotoxins), - pathogenic, - allergenic. e) biological hazards (inhalation, ingestion, or contact with harmf
33、ul biological agents); The exposure scenarios considered are: hazards pertaining to safety for users (domestic and professional user, general public); 0 hazards pertaining to the environment (fauna, flora, soil, water, air); 0 hazards pertaining to the health and growth of the plant grown as crop. H
34、owever, since most constituents or contaminants of WGM can pose a hazard to more than one group of organisms, the hazards were then evaluated in a comprehensive manner in order to generate guidelines meant to protect at the same time the users, the general public, the environment and the plants grow
35、n in these products. The risk of any particular hazard can be significantly different depending on conditions of use such as: 0 type of user (professional or non professional); 0 type of plant grown (food or non-food ); place of use (indoor/outdoor, restricted or non-restricted access, in container
36、or open soil); 0 degree of misuse (typical misuses are over-application, bad storage, use for the wrong crop, ingestion, wrong or careless disposal, use without adequate protective clothing, mixing with incompatible materials). For the purpose of evaluating hazards and their risks, soil improvers an
37、d growing media are classified in three distinct groups based on origin, natural or man-made, and main components, inorganic or organic. Organic soil improvers and growing media are products made mainly of organic material of vegetable or/and animal origin. They include virgin materials such as peat
38、, and recycled materials such as organic waste, cornposted or otherwise treated, and by-products from wood manufacturing, such as bark and wood fibres. Inorganic soil improvers and growing media are products without any significant amount of organic matter. They are typically made of minerals. They
39、can be unprocessed, such as sand clay, gravel, and similar, or processed, such as thermally expanded clay like perlite, and minerai wool fibres. Synthetic soil improvers and growing media are man-made products, usually resins or polymers, generated by organic synthesis and polymerization. They share
40、 a high uniformity, typical of industrially derived products, and the potential for presence of traces of chemical organic impurities (such as monomers of the polymerized product). STD.BSI PD CR 33455-ENGL L999 m 3b24bbS 0830202 8bb m Page 6 CR 13455:1999 Each of these groups can cany hazards and as
41、sociated risks which are distinctive of a specific, typical component. The classic example is the susceptibility to catch fire, and the likelihood of this event, which is definitely possible in organic and synthetic materials, but not in inorganic ones. her examples are the presence of pathogenic mi
42、crosrganisms and the risk of infection (high in organic materials of waste origin or other organic products which can support their life but low in inorganic and synthetic materials), and the presence of crystalline silica or asbestifom fibres, likely to be present in varying degrees in inorganic pr
43、oducts but not in organic ones. The CENnC223 Report “Soil improvers and Growing media - Labelling, specifications and product schedules“ (CR 13456 WI 00223076) contains a schedule of products. STD.BS1 PD CR 13455-ENGL 1999 Lb24bb9 08L0203 7T2 9 Page 7 CR 13455:1999 4. Product safety assessment 4.1 F
44、lre 4.1.1 Description of hazard Fire hazard is identified as the spontaneous or flame/spark activated ignition and combustion of a product. It can also be generated by exothermic reaction of two or more incompatible chemicals or materials. The hazard involves exposure risks to bums and inhalation of
45、 toxic/noxious or oxygen- displacing (suffocating) fumes. It also invoives risk of property damage. Hazard to the environment means destruction or degradation of habits and ecosystems, and the emission of combustion products in to the atmosphere. While several parameters quantify the flammability of
46、 a IiquWgas (flash point, flammable limit), the flammability of a solid material of the type used as soil improverdgrowing media is more difficult to define. Calorific value (heat content) can be of help in the identification of the products and situations at risk, although no precise correlation is
47、 used for fire-prevention. 4.1.2 Existing mgulaons The EEC Directive 911325EEC relates to Council Directive 67/54/EEC which aims at approximating the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, an analogous rule for
48、 dangerous preparations is in EC Directive W379EEC. These directives define and list dangerous substances and preparations, classify them according to the nature of the danger, and define the danger itself by setting criteria for the choice of phrases indicating risks and safety advice to address on
49、 the IabeUpackage. Flammability is one of many characteristics that can classify a substance or preparation as dangerous. Directive 91/325/EEC (Appendix VI, 2.2.4) defines as highly flammable solid substances and preparations which can readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continues to bum or to be consumed after removal of the source of ignition. This definition relies on the testing of materials, and test methods are described in Appendix V of the same directive. No other definition concerning flammability of
