1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CR 13686:2001 Packaging Optimization of energy recovery from packaging waste ICS 13.030.99; 55.040 PD CR 13686:2001 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 4 June 2004 BSI 4 June 2004 ISBN 0 580 43781 7 Nationa
2、l foreword This Published Document is the official English language version of CR 13686:2001. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/4, Packaging and the environment, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can
3、be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” fa
4、cility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and
5、 European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CR title page, pages 2 to 26, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
6、 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsCENREPORT RAPPORTCEN CENBERICHT CR13686 April2001 ICS Englishversion PackagingOptimizationofenergyrecoveryfrompackaging waste EmballageOptimisationdelavalorisationnergtiquedes dchetsdemballages VerpackungOptimierungderenergetischenVerwertung
7、 vonVerpackungsabfllen ThisCENReportwasapprovedbyCENon2June1999.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC261. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,Sw
8、itzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2001CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CR13686:2001EPage2 CR13686:2001 C
9、ontents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Terminology5 3 Packagingandpackagingwaste. .5 4 Optimizationofenergyrecovery. .6 5 Requirementsforpackagingrecoverableintheformofenergy8 6 Theoreticaldeterminationofcalorificgain . 9 7 Identificationoftheminimuminferiorcalorificvalue 10 8 Theoreticalandp
10、racticalimplementation .10 9 Determinationofcalorificgain . 14 10 Conclusions15 AnnexA(normative)TheCalorificGainandMethodofCalculation. 17 Bibliography 25Page3 CR13686:2001 Foreword ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedbyCEN/TC261,“Emballage“. Thisdocumentisactuallysubmittedtothepublication.Page4 CR13686:200
11、1 Introduction TheDirectiveonPackagingandPackagingWaste,AnnexII,3(b)statesthat Packagingwasteprocessedforthe purposeofenergyrecoveryshallhaveaminimuminferiorcalorificvaluetoallowoptimizationofenergyrecovery (Ref.1). TheCommissionsMandateM200Rev.3asksCENtoproposeastandardonRequirementsforpackaging re
12、coverableintheformofenergyrecovery,includingspecificationofminimuminferiorcalorificvalue (EN13431). EnergyrecoveryisdefinedinArticle3.8oftheDirective: energyrecoveryshallmeantheuseofcombustible packagingwasteasameanstogenerateenergythroughdirectincinerationwithorwithoutotherwastebutwith recoveryofth
13、eheat . EN13431shallapplytopackagingplacedonthemarketinordertoallowoptimizationofenergyrecoveryof packagingwastebyspecifyingminimuminferiorcalorificvalueandothersupplementaryrequirements.Itcannot anddoesnotconsiderconditionsorcontaminantsofpackagingwasteatarrivaltofurnaceattheenergyrecovery plant.Pa
14、ge5 CR13686:2001 1Scope Theobjectiveofthisreportistoidentifyanddefinepropertiesofpackagingandpackagingwastetoallow optimizationofenergyrecovery. Thisreporttakesawideapproachtotheprocessofenergyrecoveryinordertoidentifytheitemstobe standardisedaccordingtotheDirectiveandtheMandate. 2Terminology Netcal
15、orificvalue(inferiorcalorificvalue), Q net : definedinISO1928:1995(Ref.3). Requiredenergy H a : energynecessarytoadiabaticallyheatthepostcombustionsubstancesofamaterialand excessairfromambienttemperaturetothespecifiedfinaltemperature. Calorificgain: thepositivedifferencebetweentheenergyreleasedoncom
16、bustionofamaterial(thenetcalorific value)and H a . Availablecalorificgain: recoveredheatprovidingusefulenergy. 3 Packagingandpackagingwaste ThestatementinAnnexIIoftheDirectivequotedaboverefersto packagingwaste , whereasthe Mandatewording referstopackaging.Packagingwastecanbeusedforenergyrecovery,but
17、itisthepackagingplacedonthe marketthathastomeetthespecificrequirementsforenergyrecoveryandthereforeissubjecttomeetingthe standard.ThelinkbetweentheDirectiveandtheMandatecanbedescribedinthefollowingmanner: PACKAGING PACKAGINGWASTEhasaminimum inferiorcalorificvaluetoallow optimizationofenergyrecovery
18、recoverable intheformof energy ? no yes Figure1Page6 CR13686:2001 AsshowninFigure2,packagingmaterials,packaging,usedpackagingandpackagingwasteformasequence fromproductionandconsumptiontowaste,withoutintrinsicchangeofthechemicalmaterialpropertieswhichare essentialforenergyrecovery. “OptimizationofEne
19、rgyRecovery” Collection PreparationHandlingFiringCalorificGain HeatandPower Utilisation “SpecificationofMinimumInferiorCalorificValue”(MandateM200) “PackagingWasteprocessedforEnergyRecoveryshall haveaMinimumInferiorCalorificValueinorder toallowoptimizationofEnergyRecovery“(Directive) Incinerationofw
20、aste with EnergyRecovery Prepara tion Recoveryas SpecifiedFuel Separately Collected Packaging Material OtherFuel Packaging Used Packaging Packaging Waste Other Combustibles ReUse CollectedwithMSW Boiler Furnace Power Heat Cocombustionoffuel for EnergyConversion Storage Net Calorific Gain Figure2TheO
21、verallSystemofOptimizationofEnergyRecovery 4 Optimizationofenergyrecovery Theobjectiveofthisreportistoidentifyanddefinepropertiesofpackagingandpackagingwastetoallow optimizationofenergyrecovery. OptimizationofEnergyRecovery frompackagingwasteinvolvestheoverall systemincludingpropertiesofpackaging,wa
22、stecollectionsystems,preparation,storageandenergyconversionto providenetcalorificgainasshowninFigure2.Somestepsincludedintheoverallsystemarenotrelatedtothe packagingitself,andthereforenotconsideredinfluentialtotherequirementsofthepackaging.Combustionplants, forexample,aresubjecttospecificregulationa
23、ndtheuseofproducedenergydependsonlocalcircumstances. Figure3showstherelationshipbetweenpackaging,packagingwasteandtheirrelevantrequirementinthe frameworkoftheoverallsystemofoptimizationofrecoveryintheformofenergy.Theseissuesarediscussedin detailinthefollowing.Page7 CR13686:2001 CriteriaforPackagingP
24、erformance Suitabilityforuse ContentofMercury,Cadmium, LeadandHexavalentChromium RequirementsforRecovery ProvisionofCalorificGain Power Heat Packaging Waste Packaging Waste Packaging Packaging Packaging Material Packaging Material Article11 AnnexII,3(b) CriteriaforEnergyRecovery AllowoptimizationofE
25、nergyRecovery Obtain CalorificGainintechnicallyand environmentallyadequatetechnology Safedisposalofresidues AnnexII,1indent2and3 Boiler Furnace . . Figure3RelevantIssuesofDirectiveofPackagingandPackagingWasteandMandateM200Rev.3 Collectionsystemandpreparation Inordertooptimizeenergyrecoveryfromusedpa
26、ckaging,thewastecollectionsystemshouldbedesignedand managedsothattheenergycontentandotherfuelpropertiesofusedcombustiblepackagingarepreserved.The extentofpreparationnecessarytotransformpackagingwasteintoafuel,dependsontherequirementsofthe actualenergyconversionplant. Today,twodifferentmethodsofcolle
27、ctionandpreparationorpretreatmentareprevailing(Figure2): 1) packagingwasteiscollectedwithotherMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)fordirectincinerationinMSW incinerators.Thistypeofincineratorisefficient,provenandrequireslittlepretreatmentofthemixedwaste; 2) separationofcombustiblewastegivesacombustiblefraction,
28、knownasRefuseDerivedFuel,RDF.Source separationandpreparationofcombustiblepackagingwasteallowsfortheproductionofanenergyrichsolid fuelwithspecificproperties(PackagingDerivedFuel,PDF). Thesederivedfuelscanbeusedasasinglefuelorusedincocombustionwithotherfuelsinexistingsolidfuel firedcombustionsystems.I
29、nalltheseprocesses,combustiblepackagingwastesubstitutesprimaryfuels. Energyconversionandgenerationofnetcalorificgain Energyconversionofchemicallyboundenergytogeneratenetcalorificgainconsistsofthreemainprocesssteps: combustionofafuelinacombustionchamber,resultinginhotflue gases andsolidresidues,sucha
30、sashes andslag; utilizationoftheheatcontentofthehotgasesinaheatrecoverysystem; conversionoftherecoveredheattoprovideenduseenergyintheformofelectricityand/orheat. Combustion Combustionefficiencyisrelatedtothedegreeofcompletenessofcombustion.Itismainlyaffectedbyfuelparticle size,fueltoairratio,tempera
31、ture,residencetimeandturbulence(mixingoffuelandair)inthefurnace.Productsof incompletecombustionarecarbonmonoxide,volatileorganiccompoundsandsootparticlesinfluegasand unburntcarboninashesandslag.Inthecombustionprocess,organicsubstancesaredecomposedand transformedintogaseouscomponents.Dependingontheco
32、mbustionconditions,inorganiccompoundsareeither unaffectedortransformedintoinsolubleoxides,sulphides,orwatersolublechloridesandsulphates.High combustionefficiencythereforemeansminimisationofthesepollutants.Page8 CR13686:2001 Ingratefiredmassburnsystemsthedominantpartofashleavesthefurnaceintheformofbo
33、ttomash(slag).The amountoforganiccarboninbottomashislow,andtheslagmaybeusedforconstructionapplications.High temperatureandthepresenceofacidcomponentsvolatilisecertainheavymetals,e.g.cadmiumandzinc,fromthe bottomashtoflyashandfilterresidues.Thiscanbeseenasapositivecleanupeffectoftheslag(Ref.4).Flyash
34、 andfilterresiduesalwayscontainhighconcentrationsoffuelpollutantsandrequirespecialtreatment.In accordancewithcurrentregulations,modernWastetoEnergyplantsarewellequippedtodealwiththese pollutantsinanenvironmentallysoundway(Ref.5). Utilizationoftheheatcontentofcombustiongases Theheatcontentofcombustio
35、ngasesisrecoveredintheboilerassteamorhotwater.Theheatexchange efficiencyisproportionaltothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthehotandcoldsidesofthesystem.General aspectsongeneratingnetcalorificgainare: thefacilityisdesignedforaspecifiedtype,qualityandrangeoffuel.Afuelthatisunsuitablefortheactual equipmen
36、tmayaffecttheenergyrecoveryprocessnegativelyandcausefouling,slaggingandcorrosioninthe boiler.Asaresult,frequentsootblowingandshutdownsformechanicalcleanupandrepairworkwillbe necessary.Thisreducestheplantavailability; theinternalenergyconsumptionofblowers,pumps,extensivefluegascleaningequipmentetc.re
37、duces overallefficiencyandthenetcalorificgain. Overallefficiencyandnetcalorificgainareoptimizedbyminimisingthermallosses,e.g.by: extensivecoolingofthehotfluegasesintheboiler; utilizationoftheremainingheatinthefluegasesaftertheboilerfordryingandpreheatingofthefuel,orfor otherprocesssteps. Conversiono
38、fthermalenergytoelectricityand/orusefulheat Theefficiencyofenergyconversiontoelectricityand/orheat dependson temperatureandpressureofgenerated steam. Combinedgenerationofelectricityandsteamorhotwaterforheatingpurposesgivesoverallenergyutilizationof morethan70%.Thiscombinationisfavourabletotheoptimiz
39、ationofenergyrecovery.Condensationofwater vapourinthefluegasesmayfurtherincreaseenergyutilization. 5 Requirementsforpackagingrecoverableintheformofenergy CalorificGain Theprincipalrequirementforpackagingtoberecoverableintheformofenergyisthatitiscombustibleunder ordinaryconditions(Ref.6).and,inordert
40、oallowoptimization,capableofprovidingcalorificgain.Thismeansthat thenetheatofcombustion, Q net ,ofthepackagingshallexceedtheenergyrequired, H a ,toraisethetemperatureof itscombustionproducts,residuesandexcessairtotherequiredtemperature,asgiveninRef.5.Thisisevaluated inChapter6andistrueforallorganicm
41、aterialsandmostmultimateriallightweightpackagingcontainingamajor amountoforganicmaterial. Ashcontent Theenergyrecoveryprocessgivesasubstantialtotalreductionofthevolumeofwasteandprovidesslagthatmay berecycled.Averagecombustiblepackaginghasanashcontent lowerthanMSWorcoal.Therequirementfor calorificgai
42、n,byimplication,limitsthetotalashcontent.Thelimitvariesaccordingtothepackagingcomposition (seeTable1andexamplesinChapter9).Efficientcombustionlimitsthecontentofunburntorganicmatterinash, andasaresultonlylittleenergyislostinslagandashresidues.Theashcontentofpackagingisthereforenotan importantissuewit
43、hrespecttooptimizationof,orsuitabilityforenergyrecovery.Page9 CR13686:2001 Othersupplementaryrequirements Othersupplementaryrequirementscouldbeonacidformingsubstances,heavymetalsandotherhazardous substancesincombustiblepackaging.ThesesubjectsarecoveredinRef.6.Thefollowingcanbestated: thecontentofacidformingsubstances,i.e.sulphur,nitrogenandchlorine,inthefuelfeedtoanenergy conversionplantisdeterminedbythedesignandregulatedemissionl
