1、PLUS 61400-12CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standardsLegal NoticeThis document is provided by the Canadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) as a convenience only. Disclaimer and exclusion of liabilityThis document is provided without any representations, warranties, or
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18、mber 2012 iiiContents 2012 CSA Group CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standardsCSA Technical Committee on Wind Turbines vSubcommittee on CSA Guide to Wind Turbine Codes and Standards viiiPreface ix0Introduction11 Scope and overview 21.1 Scope 21.2 Overview of Clauses 4 to 7 (specific reg
19、ulatory and approval subject areas) 22 Reference publications 23Abbreviations54 Wind energy development 54.1 General 54.2 Community consultation/outreach 74.3 Site suitability 74.4 Evaluation of impact on water, air, and wildlife 74.5 Acoustic noise 74.6 Radio communication considerations 74.7 Power
20、 purchase agreements (PPA) 84.8 Zoning 84.9 Building permits 84.10 Obstruction marking and lighting 84.11 Electrical plan approval/permitting 95 Civil/mechanical 95.1 General 95.2 Load cases 95.3 Environmental design considerations/external conditions 95.4 Foundations 95.4.1 General 95.4.2 Foundatio
21、ns (Province of Ontario) 95.5 Towers 105.5.1 General 105.5.2 Towers (Province of Ontario) 105.6 Blades/rotors 105.7 Mechanical systems 106 Electrical 106.1 General 106.2 Electrical connections Off grid 106.3 Electrical connections Grid connected 116.4 Electrical safety 116.4.1 General 116.4.2 Canadi
22、an electrical safety standards 126.4.3 International electrical safety guidelines 12PLUS 61400-12 2012 CSA Groupiv December 20126.4.4 AHJ 126.5 Lightning protection 137 Operations 137.1 Performance measurement 137.2 Power quality 137.3 Worker safety 13AnnexesA CSA wind turbine standards, committees,
23、 and members 15Figures1 General wind farm project development 6 2012 CSA Group CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standardsDecember 2012 vCSA Technical Committee on Wind TurbinesD. Vandermeer Orenda Energy Solutions,Iroquois, OntarioChairA. Lacroix Natural Resources Canada,Ottawa, OntarioV
24、ice-ChairP. Andres Sustainable Energy Link Limited,Kincardine, OntarioR. Branch Province of New Brunswick Public Safety,Bathurst, New BrunswickT. Buchal Cortland, New York, USA AssociateP. Champigny GAMESA Wind,Toronto, OntarioAssociateW. Chisholm Kinectrics Inc.,Toronto, OntarioAssociateR. Coleman
25、Standards Council of Canada,Ottawa, OntarioAssociateM. De Lint Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing,Toronto, OntarioAssociateS. Douglas International Association of Electrical Safety Inspectors,Mississauga, OntarioS. Fleming TransAlta Corporation,Calgary, AlbertaG. Frater Canadian Steel
26、 Construction Council,Markham, OntarioM. Gardner Alberta Municipal Affairs and Housing,Edmonton, AlbertaG. Giroux The Wind Energy Institute of Canada,North Cape, Prince Edward IslandAssociateR. Grant Grantec Engineering Consultants Inc.,Hammonds Plains, Nova ScotiaR. Guillemette Cartier nergie Inc.,
27、Longueuil, QubecC. Handler Natural Resources Canada,Ottawa, OntarioAssociatePLUS 61400-12 2012 CSA Groupvi December 2012N. Hanna Electrical Safety Authority,Mississauga, OntarioG. Holden Hatch Ltd.,Niagara Falls, OntarioAssociateB. Howe HGC Engineering - Howe Gastmeier Chapnik Ltd.,Mississauga, Onta
28、rioS. Keith Health Canada,Ottawa, OntarioAssociateD. Krause Genivar,Toronto, OntarioAssociateS. Lalande Natural Resources Canada,Ottawa, OntarioAssociateN. LeForte City of Surrey, Planning Development Dept.,Surrey, British ColumbiaT. Levy Canadian Wind Energy Association,Ottawa, OntarioD. Luciani CW
29、B Group Industry Services,Milton, OntarioAssociateD. Malcolm Global Energy Concepts LLC,Seattle, Washington, USAC. Masson cole de technologie suprieure, Universit du Qubec,Montral, QubecAssociateM. Morgenroth Hatch Ltd.,Niagara Falls, OntarioAssociateR. Morrison CSA Group,Toronto, OntarioAssociateJ.
30、 Pinard JP Pinard Consulting Engineer,Whitehorse, YukonAssociateJ. Pinter BluEarth Renewables Inc.,Calgary, AlbertaJ. Rostek G.E. Energy,Greenville, South Carolina, USAS. Saylors Vestas Americas Wind Technology Inc.,Portland, Oregon, USAI. Shaw Hatch Ltd.,Niagara Falls, Ontario 2012 CSA Group CSA Gu
31、ide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standardsDecember 2012 viiT. Simmons British Columbia Institute of Technology,Burnaby, British ColumbiaAssociateM. Stone CWB Group,Milton, OntarioP. Venne Hydro Qubec,Montral, QubecAssociateL. Welsh Environment and Energy Consultancy,Ottawa, OntarioA. Rabadi CS
32、A Group,Mississauga, OntarioProject Manager PLUS 61400-12 2012 CSA Groupviii December 2012Subcommittee on CSA Guide to Wind Turbine Codes and StandardsT. Levy Canadian Wind Energy Association,Ottawa, OntarioChairM. De Lint Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing,Toronto, OntarioG. Frater C
33、anadian Steel Construction Council,Markham, OntarioJ. Pinter BluEarth Renewables Inc,Calgary, AlbertaJ. Rostek G.E. Energy,Greenville, South Carolina, USAI. Shaw Hatch Ltd.,Niagara Falls, OntarioA. Rabadi CSA Group,Mississauga, OntarioProject Manager 2012 CSA Group CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine
34、 codes and standardsDecember 2012 ixPrefaceThis is the second edition of PLUS 61400, CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standards. It supersedes the preliminary edition published in 2008 under the same title but without the designation. Changes in this edition include restructuring of topi
35、cs into four main categories and content revision to match the current state of requirements within Canada.CSA Group acknowledges that the development of this Guide was made possible, in part, by the financial support of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). This Guide was developed by the Subcommittee
36、on CSA Guide to Canadian Wind Codes and Standards, under the jurisdiction of the Technical Committee on Wind Turbines and the Strategic Steering Committee on Requirements for Electrical Safety, and has been reviewed by the Technical Committee.Notes: (1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plura
37、l (and vice versa) when the sense allows.(2) Although the intended primary application of this Special Publication is stated in its Preface, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of the users of this Special Publication to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.(3) A
38、ll enquiries regarding this Special Publication should be addressed to Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6. 2012 CSA Group CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbine codes and standardsDecember 2012 1PLUS 61400-12CSA Guide to Canadian wind turbi
39、ne codes and standards0IntroductionOver a period of two decades, the Canadian wind-energy sector has evolved from a few small projects to one of the fastest growing wind-energy markets in the world. While this growth has been supported and encouraged by various levels of government across Canada, ma
40、ny of the projects have experienced cost and schedule overruns, litigation, and in some cases cancellation related to confusing or unclear regulatory requirements, which differ considerably throughout the various Canadian jurisdictions. It is important for the user of this Guide to understand that t
41、he Canadian regulatory environment is demanding and can be perceived as being complicated. Wind-energy developers are subject to dozens of approval processes involving various federal (national), provincial/territorial (state), and municipal (local) authorities. This can be further complicated by th
42、e jurisdictional makeup and ownership of the Canadian electrical transmission and distribution systems, which range from locally-owned private businesses to fully integrated provincially-owned systems, with a wide range of regulatory roles and connection requirements.In lieu of specific and up-to-da
43、te Canadian regulations addressing the subject of wind energy, Canadian authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) and professional engineers have used a range of reference publications to determine how to evaluate and approve the development of wind turbine installations with respect to subjects such as
44、 effects on the environment, zoning, power quality, grid integration, performance testing, and electrical, worker, and structural safety. In many cases, stakeholders have undertaken significant engineering studies to supplement the available information in order to demonstrate due diligence.A subset
45、 of the subjects described above deals with codes and standards relating to the structural, mechanical, electrical, and operating characteristics of wind turbines. These are the subject areas where CSA Group input has been sought since the 1980s, when the following National Standards of Canada perta
46、ining to wind turbines were developed: CAN/CSA-C61400-1-08, Wind Turbines Part 1: Design Requirements CAN/CSA-C61400-2-08, Wind Turbines Part 2: Design Requirements for Small Wind Turbines CAN/CSA-C61400-3-11, Wind turbines Part 3: Design requirements for offshore wind turbines CAN/CSA-C61400-11-07,
47、 Wind Turbine Generator Systems Part 11: Acoustic Noise Measurement Techniques CAN/CSA-C61400-12-1-07, Wind Turbines Part 12-1: Power Perf ormance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines CAN/CSA-C61400-24-12, Wind Turbines Part 24: Lightning Protection C22.1-12, Canadian Electrical Code
48、(Section 64, Safety Standards for Electrical Installations, Sections for Small and Large Wind Systems).Note: The following Standards have been superseded by the standards listed above or have been withdrawn by CSAGroup: CAN/CSA-F416-87, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) Safety, Design, and Opera
49、tion Criteria; CAN/CSA-F417-M91, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) Performance; CAN/CSA-F429-M90, Recommended Practice for the Installation of Wind Energy Conversion Systems; and CAN/CSA-F418-M91, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) Interconnection to the Electric Utility (withdrawn by CSA in 2004). See Clause 10 (Electrical connections Grid connected) for interconnection information.For a list of current regulatory adoptions of CSA Group Wind Turbine Standards, see Annex A.The approach being undertaken by CSA G
