1、Mai 2013 Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DINPreisgruppe 16DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V. Jede Art der Vervielfltigung, auch auszugsweise, nur mit Genehmigung des DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin, gestattet.ICS 91.100.30Zur Erstellung einer DIN SPEC knnen verschiedene Verf
2、ahrensweisen herangezogen werden: Das vorliegende Dokument wurde nach den Verfahrensregeln eines Fachberichts erstellt.!$?x“1972885www.din.deDDIN CEN/TR 16443Hintergrnde zur berarbeitung der EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 Flugasche fr Beton;Englische Fassung CEN/TR 16443:2013Backgrounds to the revision of EN
3、 450-1:2005+A1:2007 Fly ash for concrete;English version CEN/TR 16443:2013Contexte de la rvision de lEN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 Cendres volantes pour bton;Version anglaise CEN/TR 16443:2013Alleinverkauf der Spezifikationen durch Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin www.beuth.deGesamtumfang 39 SeitenDIN SPEC 1
4、8450DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 2 Nationales Vorwort Dieses Dokument (CEN/TR 16443:2013) wurde vom Technischen Komitee CEN/TC 104 Beton und zugehrige Produkte“ erarbeitet, dessen Sekretariat vom DIN (Deutschland) gehalten wird. Fr die deutsche Mitarbeit ist der Arbeitsausschuss NA 005-
5、07-24 AA Betonzusatzstoffe“ im Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) verantwortlich. Dieses Dokument enthlt unter Bercksichtigung des DIN-Prsidialbeschlusses 1/2004 und der Entscheidung der zustndigen Gremien im Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) die englische Fassung des Fachberichts CEN/TR 16443:2013. TE
6、CHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16443 March 2013 ICS 91.100.30 English Version Backgrounds to the revision of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Fly ash for concrete Contexte de la rvision de lEN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 - Cendres volantes pour bton Hintergrnde zur berarbeitung der EN 450
7、-1:2005+A1:2007 - Flugasche fr Beton This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 October 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 104. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Form
8、er Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT
9、EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16443:2013: ECEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Int
10、roduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 List of relevant references 5 3 General 5 3.1 General and objective .5 3.2 Structure of the report .6 4 Overview of requirements in EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012 6 5 Background for modification of the requirements in EN 450-1 7 5.1 Definition of fly ash7 5.2 Co-com
11、bustion materials 8 5.3 Loss on ignition 11 5.4 Free calcium oxide 13 5.5 Reactive silicon dioxide . 14 5.6 Phosphate 15 6 Background for the statistical evaluation for assessment procedure by variables 16 7 Background for modification of test methods in EN 450-1 18 7.1 Chemical composition . 18 7.2
12、 Fineness wet/dry . 18 8 Measures within EN 450-1 to assure fly ash quality . 20 8.1 Production process 20 8.2 Quality control and conformity evaluation technical properties . 21 8.3 Conformity evaluation toxicological and environmental aspects . 21 9 Impact of co-combustion on the release of regula
13、ted dangerous substances . 22 9.1 General . 22 9.2 Overruling regulation regarding toxicological and environmental aspects . 22 9.3 Environmental regulations (Leaching) . 23 Annex A (informative) List of abbreviations 25 Annex B (informative) Generation of fly ash . 26 B.1 The chain from fuel to fly
14、 ash, ready for use in concrete . 26 B.2 Ash formation during combustion 27 Annex C (informative) Overview of tested fly ashes obtained from co-combustion 31 Annex D (informative) Calculated maximum co-combustion amounts 33 D.1 Objective 33 D.2 Method . 33 D.3 Data 33 D.4 Results . 33 Bibliography .
15、 36 DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16443:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elemen
16、ts of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to announce this Techn
17、ical Report: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slove
18、nia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 4 Introduction Executive summary: Following five years of experience using EN 450-1, it was clear that some clauses need improvement within the standards. In the existing s
19、tandards the maximum amount of fly ash from co-combustion was limited to certain proportions. Experience gained with fly ashes conforming to a European Technical Approval (ETA), where higher co-combustion amounts were permitted, showed that the requirements in the corresponding Common Understanding
20、of Assessment Procedure (CUAP) were sufficient guarantee for fly ashes to produce excellent performance in concretes, mortars, grouts and cements. As agreed in CEN/TC 104, the experience gained with ETA fly ashes should be incorporated in the revision of EN 450-1. In this background report it is pro
21、ved that wider ranging limits and types of co-combustion materials can be safely applied in the revised EN 450-1. It is also shown that in practice some requirements in EN 450-1 have been proven to be unrealistic. Improvements have been proposed for the definition of fly ash, the loss on ignition, f
22、ree calcium oxide, reactive silicon dioxide and the limits for phosphate. The conformity procedures have also been evaluated, especially the assessment procedure for inspection by variables. Based on this evaluation work, modifications are needed for the LOI1)classes B and C. The revised version of
23、the standard incorporates the European Technical Approvals (ETA) and EU members experience gained with fly ash in concrete. The requirements of the revised standard will result in fly ashes which will perform similarly to those conforming to EN 450-1:2005. 1) LOI Loss on ignition. DIN CEN/TR 16443 (
24、DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report describes the backgrounds to the revision on EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Fly ash for concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria. 2 List of relevant references The following references are covered by the
25、 present document: EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007, Fly ash for concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria; EN 450-1:2012 (revised EN 450-1 2), Fly ash for concrete Part 1: Definition, specifications and conformity criteria; EN 450-2:2005, Fly ash for concrete Part 2: Conformity evalu
26、ation; EN 196-2, Methods of testing cement Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement; EN 197-1:2000, Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements; EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions. 3 General 3.1 General and objective Fly ash h
27、as been used for many decades in concrete as an addition for its positive influence on workability, heat of hydration, strength development and durability. After the encouraging pilot projects some decades ago with positive results, licenses for regular use and later on technical approvals were gran
28、ted by the national building authorities, certificates and standards. Today, regulations and standards exist for the use of fly ash in mortar and concrete. In 1995, the first EU standard was published, namely EN 450, Fly ash for concrete Definitions, requirements and quality control. This edition wa
29、s followed up by a harmonised standard based on Mandate M 128 in 2005 (EN 450-1:2005), together with a second standard (EN 450-2:2005), specific for conformity evaluation. The scope of EN 450-1:2005 states that fly ashes with percentages of co-combustion material higher than those covered in EN 450-
30、1:2005, Clause 4 or with other types of co-combustion material are outside the scope of EN 450-1:2005. In some countries, the use of fly ash with a higher percentage of co-combustion material was already common practice and it was not accepted by these countries that these fly ashes, containing high
31、er amounts of co-combustion and other co-combustion materials, were excluded from CE marking. It was agreed that European Technical Approvals (ETAs) could be granted for this product according to Article 8.2 of the Construction Products Directive. The mandate M 128 was updated with the clarification
32、 that fly ash produced with other types than those covered by EN 450-1 and fly ash produced with a percentage of co-combustion material outside the limits defined in EN 450 (all parts), can be subject to ETAs, in order to allow these products to be CE marked. The experience gained with the fly ashes
33、 conforming to these ETAs has been used for the next revision of EN 450-1. Due to the regular five-year revision, WG 4 of CEN TC 104 incorporated the knowledge gained with the fly ashes conforming to these ETAs with EN 450-1. Other issues for the revision were identified as a lack of clarity regardi
34、ng the conformity evaluation and some of the other requirements. 2) In this present Technical Report a reference to the revised EN 450-1 always refers to EN 450-1:2012. DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 6 The objective of this report is to provide insight into the backg
35、round to the modifications that have been taken up in EN 450-1:2012 (revised EN 450-1) and of those requirements that have been deleted from EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 3.2 Structure of the report Clause 4 provides an overview of the requirements of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012. In Clause 5 the
36、 background for the modifications of the requirements within EN 450-1 is described. Clause 6 gives the background for the statistical evaluation for assessment procedure by variables, Clause 7, the background for the required test methods, regarding chemical composition and the determination of fine
37、ness. In Clause 8, an overview how fly ash quality is assured within the production process itself, the quality control system and the conformity evaluation of toxicological and environmental aspects is given. Clause 9 deals with the impact of co-combustion on the release of regulated dangerous subs
38、tances. More background information about the generation of fly ash can be found in Annex B. 4 Overview of requirements in EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 and EN 450-1:2012 An overview of the requirements in the revised EN 450-1 is presented in Table 1. The requirements are related to fresh and hardened concr
39、ete. The chemical requirements concern Loss On Ignition (LOI), chloride (Cl), reactive and free Calcium Oxide or lime (CaO), reactive Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), the sum of SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3, Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and soluble Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5). The physical requirements concern (or: are relat
40、ed to) fineness and the maximum deviation of particle density. The performance based requirements are water requirement, initial setting, activity index and soundness. In relation to the previous standard, the following changes have been adapted: The definition of fly ash has been modified (EN 450-1
41、:2012, 3.2). The permitted amount and type of co-combustion materials have been changed (EN 450-1:2012, 4.1). The requirement for the lower limit of LOI for category B and C fly ash has been deleted (EN 450-1:2012, 5.2.2). The requirement for free lime (CaO) has been changed (EN 450-1:2012, 5.2.5).
42、The amount of total phosphate has been limited by a new requirement (EN 450-1:2012, 5.2.11). DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 7 Table 1 Properties and requirements of fresh and hardened mortar and concrete Phase Property Unit EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 EN 450-1:2012 workabi
43、lity loss on ignition (LOI) class A class B class C % by mass 5,0 2,0 7,0 4,0 9,0 5,0 7,0 9,0 water requirementa% 95 n.m.efineness fraction 45 m % by mass 40 (cat. N)d 12 (cat. S) n.m.einitial strength development soluble phosphate (P2O5) mg/kg 100 n.m.etotal phosphate (P2O5) % by mass 5,0 initial s
44、etting min. 2Cbn.m.estrength development sum SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3% by mass 70 n.m.ereactive SiO2% by mass 25 n.m.eactivity index 28 days 91 days % 75 85 n.m.en.m.ealkali silica reaction (ASR) total content of alkalis (Na2O equivalent) % by mass 5,0 n.m.ereactive calcium oxide (CaO) % by mass 10,0 n.m.
45、esoundness/ durability sulphuric anhydride (SO3) % by mass 3,0 n.m.efree calcium oxide (CaO) % by mass 2,5 cfsoundness mm 10 n.m.emagnesium oxide (MgO) % by mass 4,0 n.m.echloride (Cl-) % by mass 0,10 n.m.eaOnly applicable for category S fly ash. bInitial setting of fly ash cement paste shall not be
46、 more than twice as long as the initial setting time of the test cement alone. c If the content of free lime is greater than 1,0 % by mass, the fly ash shall be tested for conformity to the requirement for soundness. d The fineness shall not vary by more than 10 % from the declared value. e n.m. = n
47、ot modified. f If the content of free lime is greater than 1,5 % by mass, the fly ash shall be tested for conformity to the requirement for soundness. 5 Background for modification of the requirements in EN 450-1 5.1 Definition of fly ash 5.1.1 Text of EN 450-1:2005+A1:2007 Fine powder of mainly sph
48、erical, glassy particles, derived from the burning of pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists essentially of SiO2and Al2O3. The content of reactive SiO2, as defined and described in EN 197-1 being at least 25% by mass. 5.1.2 Text of EN 4
49、50-1:2012 (revised EN 450-1) Fine powder of mainly spherical, glassy particles, derived from the burning of pulverised coal, with or without co-combustion materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists essentially of SiO2and Al2O3. DIN CEN/TR 16443 (DIN SPEC 18450):2013-05 CEN/TR 16443:2013 (E) 8 5.1.3 Background The requirement of reactive SiO2has been deleted in the definition of the revised EN 450-1, but still exists as requirement for initial type testi
