1、December 2013 Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.English price group 10No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).I
2、CS 59.080.70; 91.100.50!%*Fq“2073578www.din.deDDIN EN 16416Geosynthetic clay barriers Determination of water flux index Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head;English version EN 16416:2013,English translation of DIN EN 16416:2013-12Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen Bestimmung der Durchfl
3、ussrate Triaxialzellen-Methode mit konstanter Druckhhe;Englische Fassung EN 16416:2013,Englische bersetzung von DIN EN 16416:2013-12Barrires gosynthtiques argileuses Dtermination de lindice eau par analyse en flux Mthode au permamtre paroi flexible de charge constante;Version anglaise EN 16416:2013,
4、Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 16416:2013-12www.beuth.deDocument comprises 15 pagesIn case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.11.13DIN EN 16416:2013-12 2 A comma is used as the decimal marker. National foreword This document (EN 16416:2013) has been prepared by T
5、echnical Committee CEN/TC 189 “Geosynthetics” (Secretariat: NBN, Belgium). The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Textil und Textilmaschinen (Textiles and Textile Machinery Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 106-01-11 AA Geotextilien und Geokunststoff
6、e. The DIN Standard corresponding to the International Standard referred to in this document is as follows: ISO 11465 DIN ISO 11465 National Annex NA (informative) Bibliography DIN ISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis Gravimetric method EUROPEAN STAND
7、ARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16416 September 2013 ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50 English Version Geosynthetic clay barriers - Determination of water flux index - Flexible wall permeameter method at constant head Barrires gosynthtiques argileuses - Dtermination de lindice eau par analyse en flux
8、- Mthode au permamtre paroi flexible de charge constante Geosynthetische Tondichtungsbahnen - Bestimmung der Durchflussrate - Triaxialzellen-Methode mit konstanter Druckhhe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 August 2013. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Reg
9、ulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN mem
10、ber. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
11、CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland
12、, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in
13、 any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16416:2013: EEN 16416:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Apparatus .4 5 Permeant water 8 6 Specimen sampling and preparation .8 7 Procedure .8 7.1 Gene
14、ral 8 7.2 Head loss of apparatus .8 7.3 Specimen set-up 8 7.4 Consolidation and pressure hydration 9 7.5 Permeation .9 7.6 Termination Criteria .9 8 Calculation 9 9 Report 10 Annex A (informative) Hydraulic conductivity calculation. 11 Annex B (informative) Permittivity calculation (based on ASTM D
15、4491) 12 Bibliography . 13 DIN EN 16416:2013-12 EN 16416:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16416:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189 “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by
16、publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC
17、 shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
18、 Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 16
19、416:2013-12 EN 16416:2013 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard describes an index test method that covers laboratory measurement of water flux through saturated clay geosynthetic barrier (GBR-C) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter at constant head. This test method is applicable to GBR-C pro
20、ducts with no additional sealing layers attached. This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not co
21、nsidered to be representative of the in-service flux of a GBR-C. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, t
22、he latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 9862, Geosynthetics Sampling and preparation of test specimens (ISO 9862) ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications ISO 11465, Soil quality Determination of dry matter and water
23、 content on a mass basis Gravimetric method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 flux volumetric flow rate per unit area normal to the plane of the product at a defined head SOURCE: EN ISO 10318, 4.3.3 4 Apparatus The apparatus sha
24、ll consist of the following. 4.1 Constant head hydraulic system 4.1.1 General The system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to within 2,5 % and shall include means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the system shall be capabl
25、e of maintaining a constant head loss across the test specimen to within 5 % and shall include means to measure the head loss with the same accuracy or better. DIN EN 16416:2013-12 EN 16416:2013 (E) 5 4.1.2 System de-airing The hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete remo
26、val of free air bubbles from flow lines. 4.1.3 Cell pressure system The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitate saturation. The system shall be capable of maintaining the applied back pressure throughout the duration of the test. The cell press
27、ure system shall be capable of applying, controlling, and measuring the back pressure to within 2,5 % of the applied pressure. The back pressure may be provided by a compressed gas supply, a deadweight acting on a piston, or any other method capable of applying and controlling the back pressure to t
28、he tolerance specified in this paragraph. NOTE Application of gas pressure directly to a liquid will dissolve gas in the liquid. A variety of techniques are available to minimise dissolution of gas in the back pressure liquid, including separation of gas and liquid phases with a bladder and frequent
29、 replacement of the liquid with de-aired water. 4.2 Flow Measurement System 4.2.1 Accuracy of inflow and outflow Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured unless the lack of leakage, continuity of flow, and cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Required accur
30、acy for the flow measured over an interval of time is 5 %. 4.2.2 De-airing and compliance of the system The flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and be capable of complete and rapid de-airing. Rigid tubing shall be used so that volume change of the system in response to chan
31、ges in pressure is minimised. 4.3 Permeameter cell pressure system The system for pressurising the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying and maintaining the cell pressure to within 2,5 % of the applied pressure. However, the effective stress on the test specimen shall be maintained to the de
32、sired value with an accuracy of 5 %. The device for pressurising the cell may consist of a reservoir connected to the permeameter cell and partially filled with de-aired water, with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gas supply or other source of pressure (see NOTE). NOTE De-a
33、ired water is commonly used for the cell liquid to minimise potential for diffusion of air through the membrane into the specimen. Other liquids, such as oils, which have low gas solubilities, are also acceptable, provided they do not react with components of the permeameter and the flexible membran
34、e. The use of a long (approximately 5 m to 7 m) tube connecting the pressurised cell liquid to the cell can help delay the appearance of air in the cell liquid and to reduce the flux of dissolved air into the cell. 4.4 Permeameter Cell An apparatus shall be provided in which the specimen and porous
35、end pieces, enclosed by a flexible membrane sealed to the cap and base, are subjected to controlled liquid pressures. A schematic diagram of a typical cell is shown in Figure 1. The permeameter cell shall allow for observation of changes in height of the specimen, either by observation through the c
36、ell wall using a suitable instrument or by monitoring of either a loading piston or an extensometer extending through the top plate of the cell bearing on the top cap and attached to a suitable measuring device. The piston or extensometer if used shall pass through a bushing and seal incorporated in
37、to the top plate and shall be loaded with sufficient force to compensate for the cell pressure acting over the cross-sectional area of the piston where it passes through the seal. If deformations are measured, the deformation indicator DIN EN 16416:2013-12 EN 16416:2013 (E) 6 shall be graduated to 0
38、,01 mm or better and shall have an adequate travel range. This piston or extensometer shall not restrict the swelling of the specimen. To facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, four drainage lines leading to the specimen, two each to the base and top cap, are recommende
39、d. The drainage lines shall be controlled by no-volume-change valves, such as ball valves, and shall be designed to minimise dead space in the lines. 4.5 Top cap and base An impermeable, rigid top cap and base shall be used to support the specimen and provide for transmission of permeant liquid to a
40、nd from the specimen. The base shall prevent leakage, lateral motion, or tilting, and the top cap shall be designed to receive the piston or extensometer, if used, such that the piston-to-top cap contact area is concentric with the cap. The surface of the base and top cap that contacts the membrane
41、to form a seal shall be smooth and free of scratches. Key 1 permeameter cell 2 porous end pieces 3 specimen 4 rubber O-rings 5 filter paper 6 back pressure system 7 outflow volume measuring device 8 inflow volume measuring device 9 vent lines Figure 1 Permeameter cell and test set-up 4.6 Flexible me
42、mbranes The flexible membrane used to encase the specimen shall provide reliable protection against leakage. The membrane shall be carefully inspected prior to use and if any flaws or pinholes are evident, the membrane shall be discarded. To minimise restraint of the specimen, the diameter or width
43、of the unstretched membrane shall be between 90 % and 95 % of that of the specimen. The membrane shall be sealed to each of the DIN EN 16416:2013-12 EN 16416:2013 (E) 7 specimen base and cap with two rubber O-rings for which the unstressed, inside diameter or width is less than 90 % of the diameter
44、or width of the base and cap, or by any other method that will produce an adequate seal. NOTE If necessary, membranes can be tested for flaws by placing them around a form sealed at both ends with rubber O-rings, subjecting them to a small air pressure on the inside, and then dipping them into water
45、. If air bubbles come up from any point on the membrane, or if any visible flaws are observed, the membrane is not suitable for use in the test. 4.7 Porous end pieces The porous end pieces shall be of material that is not attacked by the specimen or permeant liquid. The end pieces shall have plane a
46、nd smooth surfaces and be free of cracks, chips, and non-uniformities. They shall be checked regularly to ensure that they are not clogged. The porous end pieces shall have a diameter no greater than (100 2) mm, and their thickness shall be sufficient to prevent breaking. The hydraulic conductivity
47、of the porous end pieces shall be substantially greater than that of the specimen to be tested such that there is no significant impedance of flow. Including the porous end pieces in the procedures described in 7.1 will ensure that no significant impedance occurs. 4.8 Filter paper To prevent intrusi
48、on of material into the pores of the porous end pieces, one or more sheets of filter paper shall be placed between the top and bottom porous end pieces and the specimen. The hydraulic conductivity of the filter paper shall be substantially greater than that of the specimen to be tested such that the
49、re is no significant impedance of flow. Including the filter paper in the procedures set forth in 7.1 will ensure that no significant impedance occurs. NOTE An appropriate type of filter paper is Whatman No. 1 (or equivalent).1)4.9 Devices for measuring the dimensions of the specimen Devices used to measure dimensions of the specimen other than the thickness shall be capable of measuring with an accuracy of 0,3 mm or better and shall be constructed such that their use will not disturb the specimen. 4.10 Equipment for m
