1、 Reference numberECMA-392:2012Ecma International 2012ECMA-392 2ndEdition / June 2012 MAC and PHY for Operation in TV White Space COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT Ecma International 2012 Ecma International 2012 iContents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative references 1 4 Terms and definitions .
2、1 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 6 General description . 7 6.1 Network components 7 6.2 Network formation . 7 6.3 Protocol architecture 8 6.4 Addressing . 9 6.5 PHY features 9 6.6 Overview of MAC service functionality . 10 6.6.1 Logical groups . 11 6.6.2 Control algorithms 11 6.6.3 Channel selection
3、 11 6.6.4 The superframe 11 6.6.5 Beaconing 12 6.6.6 Medium access 13 6.6.7 Data communication between devices . 13 6.6.8 MAC frame data rates 13 6.6.9 Security 13 6.6.10 Information discovery . 14 6.6.11 Support for higher-layer timer synchronization . 14 6.6.12 Protection of incumbent users 14 6.6
4、.13 Self-coexistence 15 6.6.14 Rate adaptation 15 6.6.15 Power management . 15 7 MAC common part sublayer . 15 7.1 MAC Frame Format . 16 7.1.1 Frame format conventions . 16 7.1.2 General MAC frame format . 17 7.1.3 Beacon frames . 22 7.1.4 Control frames . 25 7.1.5 Command frames 27 7.1.6 Data frame
5、s 35 7.1.7 Aggregated data frames . 35 7.1.8 Information elements 35 7.2 Frame processing 63 7.2.1 Frame addresses . 63 7.2.2 Frame reception . 64 7.2.3 Frame transaction . 64 7.2.4 Frame transfer . 65 7.2.5 Frame retry . 66 7.2.6 Inter-frame space (IFS) 66 7.2.7 Duplicate detection . 67 7.2.8 RTS/C
6、TS use 67 7.2.9 MAC header fields . 67 7.2.10 Information elements 70 7.3 MAC Structure and Beaconing 74 ii Ecma International 20127.3.1 Beacon Period 75 7.3.2 Beacon slot state .75 7.3.3 BP length 75 7.3.4 Beacon transmission and reception 76 7.3.5 Beacon collision detection .77 7.3.6 BP contractio
7、n .77 7.3.7 Merger of multiple beacon groups .77 7.3.8 Signalling window80 7.4 Device Synchronization 81 7.4.1 Clock accuracy .81 7.4.2 Synchronization for devices in hibernation mode .81 7.4.3 Guard times 81 7.5 Data Transfer Period .83 7.5.1 Prioritized Contention Access (PCA).84 7.5.2 Channel Res
8、ervation Access (CRA) 90 7.6 Fragmentation and Aggregation 97 7.6.1 Fragmentation and reassembly 97 7.6.2 Aggregation 98 7.7 ARQ, Multirate Support and Power Control 99 7.7.1 ARQ Policies 99 7.7.2 Multi-rate Support . 101 7.7.3 Transmit Power Control . 101 7.8 Dynamic Channel Selection . 101 7.9 Pow
9、er Management Mechanisms . 102 7.9.1 Power management modes . 102 7.9.2 Device power states . 102 7.9.3 Power state transitions 102 7.9.4 Hibernation mode operation 104 7.9.5 Hibernation anchor operation . 104 7.10 Probe 105 7.11 Protection of incumbents 105 7.11.1 Channel Measurement . 105 7.11.2 C
10、hannel Classification . 108 7.11.3 Channel Evacuation . 109 7.12 Self-coexistence 110 7.12.1 Self-coexistence scenarios 110 7.12.2 Distributed self-coexistence mechanisms . 110 7.12.3 Centralized self-coexistence mechanisms 111 7.13 Network Entry and Initialization 112 7.13.1 Initial Channel SCAN an
11、d Device Discovery 114 7.13.2 Master-Slave Association 115 7.13.3 Pair discovery . 116 7.13.4 Create/join a beacon group . 117 7.13.5 Pairing 117 7.13.6 Setup connections 118 7.14 MAC sublayer parameters . 119 8 Security 121 8.1 Security mechanisms . 121 8.1.1 Security operation 121 8.1.2 4-way hand
12、shake 121 8.1.3 Key transport . 122 8.1.4 Freshness protection . 122 8.1.5 Data encryption . 122 8.1.6 Frame integrity protection . 122 8.2 Security modes . 122 8.2.1 Security mode 0 123 8.2.2 Security mode 1 124 8.2.3 Security mode 2 124 8.3 Temporal keys . 124 Ecma International 2012 iii8.3.1 Mutu
13、al authentication and PTK derivation . 125 8.3.2 GTK exchange . 126 8.3.3 Pseudo-random function (PRF) definition 127 8.3.4 PTK and KCK derivation . 127 8.3.5 PTK MIC generation 128 8.3.6 Random number generation 128 8.4 Frame reception steps and replay prevention measures 129 8.4.1 Frame reception
14、. 129 8.4.2 Replay prevention . 130 8.4.3 Implications on GTKs 130 8.5 AES-128 CCM Inputs . 130 8.5.1 Overview . 130 8.5.2 Nonce 131 8.5.3 CCM blocks 131 9 PHY . 133 9.1 Introduction 133 9.2 Symbol description . 133 9.2.1 OFDM symbol description 133 9.2.2 Symbol parameters . 135 9.3 PPDU . 135 9.3.1
15、 PLCP preamble 136 9.3.2 PLCP header 138 9.3.3 PSDU . 143 9.4 Constellation mapping and modulation 149 9.4.1 Data modulation 149 9.4.2 Pilot modulation 151 9.5 OFDM modulation 151 9.5.1 Data subcarriers 152 9.5.2 Pilot subcarriers 152 9.5.3 Null subcarriers . 154 9.5.4 Implementation of Fourier tran
16、sform 154 9.6 General block diagram for the OFDM PHY . 154 9.7 General requirements . 155 9.7.1 Operating frequency range 155 9.7.2 Channel bandwidth and numbering 155 9.7.3 PHY layer timing 156 9.8 Transmitter requirements . 156 9.8.1 Transmit center frequency tolerance 156 9.8.2 Symbol clock frequ
17、ency tolerance 156 9.8.3 Clock synchronization 156 9.8.4 Transmitter constellation error 156 9.9 Receiver requirements 158 9.9.1 Receiver sensitivity . 158 9.9.2 Maximum received signal level 158 9.9.3 Center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance 159 9.9.4 Link quality estimate . 159 9.10 C
18、ontrol mechanisms . 159 9.10.1 Device synchronization 159 9.10.2 Transmit power control . 160 9.11 Multiple antennae (optional) . 160 9.11.1 Multiple antennae normal preamble and burst preamble specification 161 9.11.2 Multiple antennae PLCP header specification . 162 9.11.3 Pilot subcarriers for al
19、l multiple antennae modes . 163 9.11.4 Frequency interleaved transmit diversity (FITD) 163 9.11.5 Alamouti space time block coding (STBC) . 164 9.11.6 Spatial multiplexing (SM) mode . 164 Annex A (normative) MUX sublayer 165 A.1 MUX service . 165 iv Ecma International 2012A.2 MUX protocol data unit
20、format 165 Annex B (normative) OFDM parameters for 7 MHz and 8 MHz channel bandwidths 167 Annex C (normative) Data rates for 7 MHz and 8 MHz channel bandwidths 169 Annex D (normative) MAC policies 171 D.1 Reservation limits . 171 D.2 Reservation locations 173 D.3 MAC policies parameters . 173 Annex
21、E (informative) FFT-based pilot sensing algorithms 175 E.1 Performance of the algorithms 176 Annex F (informative) An example of TPC algorithm . 177 Bibliography . 181 Ecma International 2012 vIntroduction Analogue broadcasting systems have been or are being upgraded to digital technology which free
22、s up channels in the TV frequency bands. This Standard specifies a physical layer and a medium access sub-layer for wireless devices to operate in the TV frequency bands. Applications include high speed video streaming and internet access on personal/portable electronics, home electronics equipment,
23、 and computers and peripherals. This 2ndedition is fully aligned with the 1stedition of ISO/IEC 16504:2011. This Ecma Standard has been adopted by the General Assembly of June 2012. vi Ecma International 2012“COPYRIGHT NOTICE This document may be copied, published and distributed to others, and cert
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30、IED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.“ Ecma International 2012 1MAC and PHY for Operation in TV White Space 1 Scope This Standard specifies a medium access control (MAC) sub-layer and a physical (PHY) layer for personal/portable cognitive wireless networks operating
31、in TV bands. This Standard also specifies a MUX sublayer for higher layer protocols. This Standard specifies a number of incumbent protection mechanisms which may be used to meet regulatory requirements. 2 Conformance Conforming devices implement the MUX sub-layer, MAC sub-layer and the PHY layer as
32、 specified herein and support at least one of the device types (master, peer, or slave) and at least one of bandwidths (6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz), and may support multiple antennae modes. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
33、 dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC 10646:2003, Information technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC 18033-3:2005, Information technology Se
34、curity techniques Encryption algorithms Part 3: Block ciphers 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 alien beacon group group of devices which BP is not aligned with the BP of the current device 4.2 alien device member of an alien be
35、acon group 4.3 Access Category AC common set of prioritized contention access (PCA) parameters to contend for the medium to transmit MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) with certain priorities 2 Ecma International 20124.4 Beacon Group BG set of devices that share the same beacon period start time (BPST)
36、 4.5 Beacon Period BP time during which a device sends or listens for beacons 4.6 Beacon Period Start Time BPST start of the beacon period 4.7 Channel Reservation Protocol CRP protocol to support negotiation and maintenance of channel time reservations 4.8 contention signalling window time window fo
37、r exchanging control or management information in the slotted aloha based manner 4.9 data integrity assurance that the data has not been modified from its original form 4.10 Data Transfer Period DTP time period within a superframe used mainly for data transfer via prioritized contention access (PCA)
38、 or in reservations established using the channel reservation protocol (CRP) 4.11 device entity conforming to this Standard 4.12 extended beacon group union of a devices beacon group and the beacon groups of all devices in the devices beacon group 4.13 incumbents regulatory protected transmission sy
39、stems operating in the TV bands 4.14 incumbent protection mechanisms mechanisms including DFS, TPC, geo-location/database access, and spectrum sensing 4.15 MPDU MAC PDU 4.16 MSDU MAC SDU Ecma International 2012 34.17 master master device device acting as a centralized coordinator of medium access on
40、 behalf of at least one slave device 4.18 master-slave group group of devices with a master device and its slave devices 4.19 Message Integrity Code MIC cryptographic checksum generated using a symmetric key NOTE A MIC is typically appended to data for data integrity and source authentication simila
41、r to a digital signature 4.20 neighbour member of a beacon group 4.21 Network Allocation Vector NAV remaining time a neighbour device has indicated it will access the medium 4.22 outband channel channel other than the one being used for data transmission 4.23 peer peer device device coordinating med
42、ium access with other devices without a centralised coordinator 4.24 peer-to-peer group group of peer devices 4.25 Prioritized Contention Access PCA prioritized CSMA/CA access mechanism 4.26 proxy peer device that coordinates outband channel measurement 4.27 quiet period time period scheduled to det
43、ect incumbents 4.28 reservation one or more medium access slots (MASs) within a superframe during which a device has preferential access to the medium 4.29 reservation signalling window time window used for exchanging control or management information in the reservation based manner 4 Ecma Internati
44、onal 20124.30 slave slave device device associated with and coordinated by a master device for medium access 4.31 stream logical flow of MSDUs from one device to one or more other devices 4.32 superframe periodic time interval to coordinate frame transmissions between devices 4.33 transmission oppor
45、tunity TXOP time interval for prioritized contention access (PCA) to initiate transmissions 4.34 TXOP holder device that has successfully contended for a TXOP 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms AC access category ACK acknowledgment A/D analog-to-digital AES advanced encryption standard AGC automatic gain
46、control AIFS arbitration inter-frame space ASIE application-specific information element AWGN additive white Gaussian noise BPOIE beacon period occupancy information element BPSK binary phase-shift keying BcstAddr broadcast device address BP beacon period BPST beacon period start time B-ACK block ac
47、knowledgment BW bandwidth CBC-MAC cipher block chaining-message authentication code CCA clear channel assessment CCM counter mode encryption and cipher block chaining message authentication code CE channel estimation CINR carrier-to-interference and noise ratio CP cyclic prefix CRC cyclic redundancy
48、 check CRP Channel Reservation protocol Ecma International 2012 5CSMA/CA carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance CTS clear to send D/A digital-to-analogDC direct current DestAddr destination device address DevAddr device address DME device management entity DTP Data transfer period EO
49、 encryption offset EUI extended unique identifier FCS frame check sequence FEC forward error correctionFFT fast Fourier transform FITD frequency interleaved transmit diversity GF Galois fieldGTK group temporal key HDR header HEI header error indicator I inphase ICI inter-carrier interference ID identifier IE information element IFFT inverse FFT IFS inter-frame space Imm-ACK immediate acknowledgment ISI inter-symbol interference KCK key confirmation key LQE link quality estimate LSB least significant bit M2S Master-to-Slave MAC medium access control MAS medium a
