1、 Reference numberECMA TR/12:2009Ecma International 2009ECMA TR/97 1stEdition / June 2009 Guide for Assessment of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Multimedia Products in accordance with IEC/EN 62311 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT Ecma International 2009 ii Ecma International 2009 All right
2、s reserved Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved iContents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Abbreviations . 3 5 Notation 4 6 Consideration of the emissions generated by MME 4 7 Selection of compliance criteria 6 7.1 General . 6 7.2 Overview of physical quan
3、tities that can be used for exposure assessment 6 7.2.1 Basic restrictions 6 7.2.2 Reference levels 6 7.2.3 Derived compliance criteria . 7 7.3 Exposure to multiple transmitting sources 7 7.4 Criteria for selection of limits . 7 8 Assessment procedure for MME . 7 9 Determine basic characteristics of
4、 the MME 9 9.1 Introduction 9 9.2 Configuration of the MME . 9 9.3 Reference environment of the MME 9 9.4 Arrangement of the MME 10 9.5 Assessment positions and distances . 10 9.6 Power characteristics of the MME . 10 9.7 Intentional EM sources . 11 10 Low power/Inherently compliant assessment metho
5、dologies . 11 10.1 Inherently compliant statement . 11 10.2 The low-power exclusion 12 10.2.1 Consideration for an alternative low-power exclusion levels . 12 10.3 Extending EMF compliance to similar equipment . 12 11 Methods for assessment against reference levels 13 11.1 Identification of EMF quan
6、tities that are compliant in certain frequency ranges. 13 11.1.1 EMC compliance approach 13 11.1.2 Low-frequency compliance of battery-fed MME 14 11.1.3 Compliance with contact current reference levels 15 11.1.4 Evaluation of product-specific or product-family specific criteria 15 11.2 Overview of f
7、requencies in which emissions can be identified as EMF compliant . 16 11.3 Selection of exposure parameters to be assessed 17 11.4 Broadband measurement method . 19 11.5 Frequency selective measurement methods . 19 11.6 Test conditions 19 12 Methods for assessment against basic restrictions 19 12.1
8、General . 20 12.2 Induced current assessment methods 20 12.2.1 General . 20 12.2.2 Modeling . 20 12.2.3 Induced current measurements . 21 12.3 SAR assessment methods . 21 ii Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved12.3.1 General 21 12.3.2 SAR modeling 21 12.3.3 SAR measurement methods .21 12.3.4
9、Total radiated power evaluation .22 12.4 Test conditions 22 13 Evaluation of compliance to limits .22 13.1 Determination of uncertainties .22 13.2 Compliance judgement .23 Annex A Assessment distances, positions and surfaces 25 Annex B Exposure limits .29 Annex C Rationale for EMF compliance with co
10、ntact current .45 Annex D Overview of wired or wireless technologies that may be implemented in MME 47 Annex E Alternative low-power exclusion levels 49 Annex F Broadband measurement method .55 Annex G Rationale for exemption of battery-operated MME for EMF assessment .59 Annex H Total radiated powe
11、r measurements in a RVC .65 Bibliography 67 Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved iiiIntroduction This Technical Report (TR) provides guidance for the assessment of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure of the general public from multimedia equipment (MME) over the frequency range 0-300 GHz in
12、accordance with the standard IEC 62311 and its European equivalent EN 62311. For convenience of the reader, in the remainder of this ECMA TR reference will be made to both standards as follows: IEC/EN 62311. The standard IEC/EN 62311 is a generic standard that is applicable for all electrical and el
13、ectronic equipment that are not covered by a specific EMF product standard. Several EMF standards exist for various categories of electronic products. However, specifically for MME, no product standard is currently available. Hence, the standard IEC/EN 62311 should be the applicable one for MME. Due
14、 to its generic nature however, IEC/EN 62311 does not provide specific assessment methods for every particular technology. Therefore, it is the purpose of this TR to provide specific guidance on how to apply IEC/EN 62311 in case of MME. This Ecma Technical Report has been adopted by the General Asse
15、mbly of June 2009. iv Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved 1Guide for Assessment of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Multimedia Products in accordance with IEC/EN 62311 1 Scope This Technical Report (TR) applies to multimedia equipment
16、(MME) in the scope of IEC/EN 62311 for which no product standard is available. MME may be powered by the mains power supply, by batteries or by any other electrical power source. The MME may also be connected to wired or wireless telecommunication networks. They may contain intentional radiators (li
17、ke Wi-Fi or GSM) for wireless network connections. The MMEs are considered general public use. Hence, for the purpose of this technical report the EMF exposure limits for general public will be applied (see Annex B of this TR). This document is not meant to provide new EMF exposure limits in additio
18、n to those referenced in IEC/EN 62311. This TR provides guidance on the application of IEC/EN 62311 with practical and specific methods to show compliance with the exposure limits for MME. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this documen
19、t. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CISPR 13: 2006-03, Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment radio disturbance characteristics limits and methods
20、 of measurement CISPR 22: 2006-03, Information technology equipment- radio disturbance characteristics limits and methods of measurement IEC 62209-1: 2005-02, Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices Human models, instrumentation, and pr
21、ocedures Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz) IEC 62209-2, Human exposure to radio frequency fields from handheld and body-mounted wireless communication devices Human models,
22、instrumentation, and procedures Part 2: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for mobile wireless communication devices used in close proximity to the human body (frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz) (PT 62209-2, standard is under development: see 106/162/CDV). IEC 62233: 2005-10,
23、 Measurement methods for electromagnetic fields of household appliances and similar apparatus with regard to human exposure IEC 62311: 2007-08, Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restrictions for electromagnetic fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz) EN 62311: 2008, Assessm
24、ent of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restrictions for electromagnetic fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz) 2 Ecma International 2009 All rights reservedEN 50371: 2002, Generic standard to demonstrate the compliance of low power electronic and electrical apparatus with the basic re
25、strictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (10 MHz - 300 GHz) - General public IEC 60950-1: 2005-12, Information technology equipment Safety Part 1: General Requirements, 2nd edition IEC 61000-4-21, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-21: Testing and measurement techniques
26、 - Reverberation chamber test methods (IEC 61000-4-21:2003). 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this TR the following terms and definitions apply in addition to those already included in IEC/EN 62311. The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the TR. 3.1 Assessment activity w
27、ith the objective to demonstrate whether the MME, in a specified configuration and arrangement and in the relevant modes of operation, complies with the applicable EMF exposure limit at the agreed assessment positions near the MME. 3.2 Arrangement physical layout of the all parts of the MME and the
28、interfaces between the parts of the MME, the connecting cables and the interfaces to associated equipment which is preferably located outside the test area. 3.3 Assessment distance distance from the MME at which the EMF assessment is performed. 3.4 Assessment surface area, i.e. surfaces around the M
29、ME, at the assessment distance from the MME, where the EMF assessment is performed. 3.5 Assessment position orientation of the person or phantom with respect to the MME, where the EMF assessment is performed. 3.6 Configuration selection of functional units according to their nature, number, and chie
30、f characteristics. 3.7 Mode of operation mode in which the MME operates during the EMF assessment. 3.8 Multimedia equipment (MME) equipment that has the function of information technology equipment (ITE), audio, video, or broadcast receiving equipment, interaction and / or communication with the use
31、r of the product or combinations of these functions. NOTE Examples of MME are: recorders, players and displays, televisions and radio receivers, wake-up alarm radio/players, DVD-players, CD-players, portable CD and MP3-players, monitors, personal computers, laptops and similar equipment. Ecma Intern
32、ational 2009 All rights reserved 34 Abbreviations A/V Audio/Video AC Alternating Current CENELEC Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) DC Direct Current DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Rad
33、iated Power ELF extreme low frequencies EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMF electromagnetic fields EN European norm GHz GigaHerz GSM Global System for Mobile communications HF high frequency Hz Hertz ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection IEC International Electrotech
34、nical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ITE Information Technology Equipment LF low frequency MM multimedia MME multimedia equipment NF/FF Near Field Far Field PLT Power Line Telecommunication PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency RF radio frequency rms root mean square rss
35、root sum square RVC reverberation chamber SA Specific Absorption SAR Specific Absorption Rate T Tesla TR Technical Report TRP total radiated power UHF Ultra High Frequency UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System VHF Very High Frequency VLF Very Low Frequency 4 Ecma International 2009 All rig
36、hts reservedWiFi Wireless Fidelity WIMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 5 Notation Quantity Symbol Unit Dimension Conductivity Siemens per meter S/m Current density J Ampere per square meter A/m2 Electric field strength E Volt per meter V/m Frequency
37、 f Hertz Hz Magnetic field strength H Ampere per meter A/m Magnetic flux density B Tesla T (Wb/m2, Vs/m2) Power P Watt W Current I Ampere A 6 Consideration of the emissions generated by MME MME may be the source of either intentional or non-intentional emissions through the space around the MME or t
38、hrough its interfaces. Non-intentional emission may be 50 Hz harmonics through the mains, broadband noise through the mains and other interfaces, clock frequencies and their harmonics emitted though interfaces or through the free-space around the MME. Non-intentional emissions of MME are limited thr
39、ough EMC conducted and radiated emission requirements that are stated as limits for the various ports of a MME and specified as function of frequency together with specific measurement methods and measurement equipment. Certain functions or technologies integrated in the MME may cause intentional em
40、issions. One can think of e.g. a WLAN transmit module, Bluetooth or DECT. Ecma International 2009 All rights reserved 5Broadband emission Narrowband emission from intentional EMC limit Figure 1 Illustration of a typical emission spectrum of a MME, including spurious broadband and narrowband emission
41、s and narrowband intentional radiators EMF assessment does not only depend on the type of emission of certain MME but also on the exposure distance of a human being from such equipment. Therefore, the assessment distance and surface or position has to be selected for an MME before starting the actua
42、l assessment. Annex A is devoted to selection of the assessment distance, surface and position Moreover, if multiple wireless technologies are implemented in an MME, the exposure assessment needs to consider the result of all intentional radiators together (see 7.3). Summarizing, the following prope
43、rties of an MME are key for an EMF assessment. - The type of intentional emissions generated by the MME. - The exposure distance of a human being from the MME. - The number of intentional radiators implemented in the same MME. Considering these properties, the standard IEC/EN 62311 allows the identi
44、fication of the following four scenarios. 1. Equipment from which non-intentional emissions can be considered inherently compliant with the applicable EMF exposure limits. Examples of this equipment are given in clause 7.2 of IEC/EN 62311 (wrist watches, ADSL modems, computers, telecommunication equ
45、ipment or hi-fi systems). Therefore, the great majority of MME can be considered as such. Clause 10 of this TR provides guidance for this kind of equipment. NOTE This consideration is also supported by ITU in recommendation ITU-T K.52 10. 2. Equipment from which non-intentional emissions potentially
46、 need further assessment to show compliance with the applicable EMF exposure limits. Due to their technological nature, in general MME are not likely Frequency Emission level at a certain location Narrowband emission from non-intentional 6 Ecma International 2009 All rights reservedment. to be consi
47、dered under this kind of equipment. However, in cases where the nature of the MME is such that manufacturers know beforehand that relevant EMF emission might occur, this TR provides in Clause 11 guidance to perform the EMF assess3. Equipment from which intentional emissions are below the low-power e
48、xclusion level. Clause 10 of this TR provides guidance for these “intentional radiators”. 4. Equipment from which intentional emissions are above the low-power exclusion level and therefore need further EMF assessment. Details on how to perform such assessment can be found in clause 11 of this TR. 7
49、 Selection of compliance criteria This clause provides guidance related to the selection of compliance criteria for the EMF assessment of MME as reflected in clause 4 of IEC/EN 62311. 7.1 General Compliance with EMF basic restrictions and/or reference levels has to be proven by performing an exposure assessment over the MME. Compliance criteria (or the appropriate set of applicable exposure limits) must be selected for the MME under consideration. Annex B lists a number of exposure limits from different limit setting docume
