1、BS EN 16714-3:2016Non-destructive testing Thermographic testingPart 3: Terms and definitionsBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 16714-3:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16714-3:2016.The UK pa
2、rticipation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are respon
3、sible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 86968 6ICS 01.040.19; 19.100Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theSta
4、ndards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16714-3:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16714-3 August 2016 ICS 01.040.19; 19.100 English Version Non-destructive testing - Thermographic te
5、sting - Part 3: Terms and definitions Essais non destructifs - Analyses thermographiques - Partie 3: Termes et dfinitions Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Thermografische Prfung - Teil 3: Begriffe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 June 2016. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELE
6、C Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or
7、to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the offic
8、ial versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
9、Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of e
10、xploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16714-3:2016 EBS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Terms and definitions . 4 BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (E
11、N 16714-3:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2
12、017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. EN 16714,
13、Non-destructive testing Thermographic testing consists of the following parts: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Equipment Part 3: Terms and definitions According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this Eur
14、opean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sl
15、ovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard establishes terms and definitions for thermographic testing. 2 Terms and definitions 2.1 absorptance ratio of absorbed radiant power to the incident radiant power
16、 Note 1 to entry: Absorptance may vary with wavelength, temperature and angle. 2.2 active thermography thermographic procedure in which an artificial or natural source of energy is used to produce a non-stationary heat flux for the purpose of testing 2.3 anti-reflectance coating coating of infrared
17、or optical elements (lenses, protective windows) to increase the transmission of certain wavelength ranges by minimizing or suppressing reflections at interfaces 2.4 atmospheric temperature Tatmtemperature of the atmosphere between camera and measured object 2.5 atmospheric attenuation reduction of
18、flux densities of electromagnetic radiation on the path through the atmosphere Note 1 to entry: The atmosphere between object and camera attenuates IR radiation. Besides absorption of radiation by gases, e.g. water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), radiation is attenuated by scattering (dust, f
19、og, rain, snow, etc.). 2.6 comparative thermography thermographic procedure that evaluates temperature differences or phase differences or differences of secondary parameters 2.7 chromatic aberration wavelength dependent aberration of lens Note 1 to entry: Due to dispersion (wavelength dependent ind
20、ex of refraction), different spectral parts are imaged in different image planes. This aberration is increasing with the spectral bandwidth of captured radiation. BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 5 2.8 close-up lens additional lens which is placed in front of an existing IR lens to decrease the
21、 minimum distance between camera and object Note 1 to entry: Close-up lenses are an inexpensive alternative to macro lenses to adapt the field of view of a camera or lens to visualize small objects. 2.9 data analysis application of algorithms and calculations in order to increase the contrast of ind
22、ications of recorded data 2.10 differential temperature temperature difference between two temperature values recorded at different positions and/or at different times Note 1 to entry: Temperature differences are used, e.g. for subtracting the temperature of an undisturbed area or for subtracting th
23、e zero image (thermogram before heating) from a data sequence. 2.11 diffraction limit limit of spatial resolution due to diffraction of optical systems Note 1 to entry: Diffraction at diaphragms, lens holders, etc. physically limits the spatial resolution of IR cameras. The limit can be estimated wi
24、th the Rayleigh criterion. Diffraction depends on the wavelength of radiation as well as shape and dimension of beam-narrowing components. 2.12 emissivity ratio of the power radiated by real bodies to the power that is radiated by a black-body at the same temperature Note 1 to entry: The emissivity
25、can depend on the wavelength, the angle of emission, the body temperature and other factors. In this general case the ratio of the spectral radiance of a real body and a black-body is called spectral directional emissivity. In thermography practice, only the emissivity within the spectral sensitivit
26、y range of the IR camera is relevant. It is used for correcting temperature measurements carried out with the IR camera (settings of IR cameras for temperature measurements). 2.13 extension ring ring that is placed between the camera and the lens to increase the distance between image plane and lens
27、 (increase of magnification) 2.14 external heating source heating source which is used for external heating in active thermography for introducing a non-stationary heat transfer into the object under test Note 1 to entry: As external heating source, e.g. flash lamps, halogen lamps, lasers, inductive
28、 coils, ultrasonic sonotrodes can be used. BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 6 2.15 field of view FOV image section that is captured by an IR camera Note 1 to entry: The field of view depends amongst others on the focal length of the lens. 2.16 fill factor ratio of the sum of all single detector
29、 areas to the total area of the detector array Note 1 to entry: The fill factor is an important parameter to describe the properties of detector arrays. Arrays with high fill factors produce homogenous images. However, high fill factors are also prone to crosstalk of neighbouring detector elements.
30、2.17 fixed pattern noise influence of different sensitivities of single detectors and readout circuit in FPA cameras 2.18 focal plane array FPA detector consisting of a one- or two-dimensional array of single detectors 2.19 frame rate number of thermograms (frames) of a specific resolution per secon
31、d, which are recorded with the IR camera 2.20 image averaging averaging of consecutive images (thermograms, frames) to improve the thermal resolution of IR cameras Note 1 to entry: Image averaging improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Image averaging improves the thermal resolution of IR cameras
32、 at the expense of temporal resolution. To avoid blurred images, image averaging should only be used for slowly moving cameras or slowly changing temperature distributions. 2.21 infrared (IR) camera optical device including lens, filters, FPA and internal data processing for collecting and imaging t
33、he infrared radiation emitted by an object under test and which is measuring the radiation flux and/or the temperature Note 1 to entry: Only the wavelength interval of infrared radiation transmitted by the lens and filters and where the FPA is sensitive is detected. 2.22 IR-imager IR-viewer infrared
34、 camera for visualizing infrared radiation without measurement functionalities BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 7 2.23 instantaneous field of view IFOV image section of a single detector element of IR camera Note 1 to entry: The instantaneous field of view specifies the spatial resolution of IR
35、 cameras. It is strictly applicable only to scanning cameras with one single detector element. The spatial resolution for measurement of focal plane array can be determined by the slit response function (SRF). 2.24 integration time time during which the incoming infrared radiation is accumulated (in
36、tegrated) on the detectors of the FPA Note 1 to entry: The longer the integration time, the more light is collected. A long integration time applied to objects with high temperature may saturate the detectors. Note 2 to entry: The shortest integration time is usually limited by the speed of the dete
37、ctor. 2.25 long-wave infrared LWIR wavelength range between 8,0 m and 14,0 m 2.26 measurement field of view MFOV smallest target spot size on which an infrared camera can fulfil measurement, expressed in terms of angular subtense Note 1 to entry: The slit response function (SRF) test and the hole re
38、sponse function (HRF) test are typical methods used to measure MFOV. 2.27 mid-wave infrared MWIR wavelength range between 2,0 m and 5,0 m 2.28 minimum resolvable temperature difference MRTD measure of the ability of an infrared imaging system and the human observer to recognize periodic bar targets
39、on a display 2.29 modulation (of heat source) procedure in which amplitude, phase and/or frequency of the periodic or impulse excitation function of a heat source is modified BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 16714-3:2016 (E) 8 2.30 noise equivalent temperature difference NETD temperature difference of a black-b
40、ody radiator that corresponds to the signal-to-noise ratio of 1 that is caused by a temporal noise Note 1 to entry: The noise equivalent temperature difference is measured in kelvin for a given object temperature at a certain integration time. 2.31 non-uniformity correction NUC image correction carr
41、ied out by the camera software to compensate for different sensitivities of detector elements and other optical and geometrical disturbances 2.32 passive thermography thermographic procedure in which no external heating source is used for the purpose of testing, only heat flow due to intrinsic heat
42、of the object under test is used 2.33 phase angle phase angle between a thermal signal at the surface of the object and the excitation signal of an external heating source at a frequency f Note 1 to entry: The phase angle is measured in degree or in rad. In general, the phase angle is composed of a
43、physical part which is given by the phase angle between temperature at the surface of the object and the heat flux density of an external heating source at the heating location due to the heat conduction transfer processes and an instrumental part which is given by the phase angle between the excita
44、tion signal of an external heating source and its heat flux density 2.34 qualitative thermography thermography in which the radiation flux or the temperature or the phase angle or secondary parameters derived there from are not determined 2.35 quantitative thermography thermography in which the radi
45、ation flux, the temperature, the phase angle or secondary parameters derived there from are determined 2.36 quantum detector semiconductor detector that absorbs IR radiation by producing electron-hole pairs (photoelectric effect) thereby altering electrical conductivity or generating photovoltage or
46、 photocurrent 2.37 quantum well infrared photon detector QWIP detector special type of infrared detector which uses the effect of photoexcitation of electrons (holes) between the base and the first excitation levels in the conduction (valence) band of so-called quantum wells BS EN 16714-3:2016EN 167
47、14-3:2016 (E) 9 2.38 reflectance ratio of reflected radiant power to incident radiant power 2.39 reflected apparent temperature Treflapparent temperature of the environment that is reflected by the target into the IR camera and it is measured on a diffuse reflector placed in the same plane as the ta
48、rget Note 1 to entry: Neglecting the reflected apparent temperature, or setting a wrong value, may (in presence of low emissivity surfaces) lead to considerable errors in the estimation of the target temperature. 2.40 short-wave infrared SWIR wavelength range between 0,8 m and 2,0 m 2.41 spectral ab
49、sorptance absorptance at a specific wavelength 2.42 spectral emissivity emissivity at a specific wavelength 2.43 spectral reflectance reflectance at a specific wavelength 2.44 spectral transmittance transmittance at a specific wavelength 2.45 spherical aberration aberration caused by the geometry of the lens Note 1 to entry: Spherical lenses do not exactly refract abaxial beams into either a focal point or a focal plane. 2.46 thermal detector detector that provides an electric signal generated by its temperature change under incident infrared radiati
