1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 61338-2:2004 Waveguide type dielectric resonators Part 2: Guidelines for oscillator and filter applications The European Standard EN 61338-2:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 31.140 BS EN 61338-2:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the S
2、tandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 20 October 2004 BSI 20 October 2004 ISBN 0 580 44611 5 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 61338-2:2004. It is identical with IEC 61338-2:2004. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Techni
3、cal Committee EPL/49, Piezo-electric devices for frequency control and selection, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publi
4、cations referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the nec
5、essary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the int
6、erpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 32, an inside back cover and a
7、 back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61338-2 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM September 2004 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standard
8、ization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels 2004 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 61338-2:2004
9、E ICS 31.140 English version Waveguide type dielectric resonators Part 2: Guidelines for oscillator and filter applications (IEC 61338-2:2004) Rsonateurs dilectriques modes guids Partie 2: Guide pour lapplication aux filtres et aux oscillateurs (CEI 61338-2:2004) Dielektrische Resonatoren vom Wellen
10、leitertyp Teil 2: Leitfaden fr Oszillator- und Filter-Anwendungen (IEC 61338-2:2004) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2004-07-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status
11、 of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A
12、 version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
13、Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Foreword The text of document 49/656/FDIS, future edition 1
14、of IEC 61338-2, prepared by IEC TC 49, Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 61338-2 on 2004-07-01. The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implemented a
15、t national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2005-04-01 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2007-07-01 Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. _ Endorsement notice The text of the International Standa
16、rd IEC 61338-2:2004 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. _ Page2 EN613382:2004 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references6 3 Technical overview .7 4 Fundamentals of waveguide type dielectric resonators 7 4.1 Principle of operation.7 4.2 Basic structu
17、re8 5 Dielectric resonator characteristics .8 5.1 Characteristics of dielectric resonator materials .8 5.2 Characteristics of shielding conductor10 5.3 Characteristics of resonance modes 10 5.4 Example of applications.16 6 Application guide for oscillators.16 6.1 Practical remarks for oscillators.16
18、 6.2 Oscillator using TE 01 mode resonator.17 6.3 Oscillator using TEM mode resonator.18 Annex A (normative) .28 Annex ZA (normative ) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications30 Bibliography32 Figure 1 Electromagnetic wave passing through a di
19、electric waveguide with relative permittivity .19 Figure 2 TE 01 mode, TM 010mode, and quarter wavelength TEM mode dielectric resonators.19 Figure 3 Equivalent circuits of dielectric resonator coupled to external circuit20 Figure 4 Cross-section of TE 01 mode resonator with excitation terminal 20 Fi
20、gure 5 Dimension of TE 01 mode resonator .21 Figure 6 Mode chart for TE 01 mode resonator .21 Figure 7 Cross-section of TM 010 mode resonator with excitation terminal21 Figure 8 Rectangular type /4 TEM mode resonator mounted on PWB22 Figure 9 TEM mode resonator with metal terminal moulded by resin .
21、22 Figure 10 Cylinder type and rectangular type /4 TEM mode resonators22 Figure 11 /4 TEM mode resonators with stepped inner diameter22 Figure 12 Microstripline resonator 23 Figure 13 Stripline resonator 23 Figure 14 Example of a frequency tuning mechanism of a dielectric resonator 23 Figure 15 Exam
22、ple of a reflection-type oscillator.24 Figure 16 Example of a feedback-type oscillator .24 Figure 17 Simplified diagram of a reflection-type oscillator24 Page3 EN613382:2004 Figure 18 Example of a reflection-type voltage-controlled oscillator.25 Figure 19 Example of a feedback-type voltage-controlle
23、d oscillator.25 Figure 20 Configuration of VCO using a TEM mode resonator.25 Table 1 Characteristics of available dielectric resonator materials.26 Table 2 Characteristics of substrate materials 26 Table 3 Comparison of size and unloaded Q of dielectric resonators with three resonance modes26 Table
24、4 Example of applications .27 Table A.1 References to relevant publications 28 Page4 EN613382:2004 INTRODUCTION This part of IEC 61338 gives practical guidance on the use of waveguide type dielectric resonators that are used in telecommunications and radar systems (for general information, standard
25、values, and test conditions, see the other parts of this series). The features of these dielectric resonators are small size without degradation of quality factor, low mass, high reliability and high stability against temperature and ageing. The dielectric resonators are suitable for applications to
26、 miniaturized oscillators and filters with high performance. This standard has been compiled in response to a generally expressed desire on the part of both users and manufacturers for guidelines for the use of dielectric resonators, so that the resonators may be used to their best advantage. For th
27、is purpose, general and fundamental characteristics have been explained in this standard. Page5 EN613382:2004WAVEGUIDE TYPE DIELECTRIC RESONATORS Part 2: Guidelines for oscillator and filter applications 1 Scope This part of IEC 61338, which contains guidelines for use, is limited to the waveguide t
28、ype dielectric resonators that are used for oscillator and filter applications. These types of resonators are now widely used in oscillators for direct broadcasting or communication satellite systems, oscillators for radio links, voltage-controlled oscillators for mobile communication systems and so
29、 on. In addition, these dielectric resonators are also used as an essential component of miniaturized filters for the same kind of applications. It is not the aim of this standard either to explain theory or to attempt to cover all the eventualities that may arise in practical circumstances. This st
30、andard draws attention to some of the more fundamental questions, which should be considered by the user before he places an order for dielectric resonators for a new application. Such a procedure will be the users insurance against unsatisfactory performance. Standard specifications, such as those
31、in the IEC 61338 series and national specifications or detail specifications issued by manufacturers, will define the available combinations of resonance frequency, the quality factor, the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency, etc. These specifications are compiled to include a wide range
32、of dielectric resonators with standardized performances. It cannot be over-emphasized that the user should, wherever possible, select his dielectric resonators from these specifications, when available, even if it may lead to making small modifications to his circuit to enable standard resonators to
33、 be used. This applies particularly to the selection of the nominal frequency. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the ref
34、erenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60068-1, Environmental testing Part 1: General and guidance IEC 60068-2-1, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test A: Cold IEC 60068-2-2, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Tests B: Dry heat IEC 60068-2-6, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests
35、 Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal) IEC 60068-2-7, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test Ga: Acceleration, steady state IEC 60068-2-13, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test M: Low air pressure IEC 60068-2-14, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test N: Change of temperature IEC 60068-2-20, Envir
36、onmental testing Part 2: Tests Test T: Soldering IEC 60068-2-21, Environmental testing Part 2-21: Tests Test U: Robustness of terminations Page6 EN613382:2004 IEC 60068-2-27, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test Ea and guidance: Shock IEC 60068-2-29, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test Eb a
37、nd guidance: Bump IEC 60068-2-30, Environmental testing Part 2: Tests Test Db and guidance: Damp heat, cyclic (12 + 12-hour cycle) IEC 60068-2-58, Environmental testing Part 2-58: Tests Test Td: Test methods for solderability, resistance to dissolution of metallization and to soldering heat of surfa
38、ce mounting devices (SMD) IEC 60068-2-78, Environmental testing Part 2-78: Tests Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state IEC 61338-1-1, Waveguide type dielectric resonators Part 1-1: General information and test conditions General information IEC 61338-1-2, Waveguide type dielectric resonators Part 1-2: G
39、eneral information and test conditions Test conditions IEC 61338-1-3, Waveguide type dielectric resonators Part 1-3: General information and test conditions Measurement method of complex relative permittivity for dielectric resonator materials at microwave frequency 3 Technical overview It is of pri
40、me interest to a user that the resonator characteristics should satisfy particular specifications. The selection of oscillating circuits and dielectric resonators to meet that specification should be a matter of agreement between user and manufacturer. Resonator characteristics are usually expressed
41、 in terms of resonance frequency, quality factor, etc. These characteristics are related to the dielectric characteristics in 5.3. The specifications shall be satisfied between the lowest and highest temperatures of the specified operating temperature range and before and after environmental tests.
42、4 Fundamentals of waveguide type dielectric resonators 4.1 Principle of operation When an electromagnetic wave passes through a dielectric waveguide with a relative permittivity of , the interface between air and a dielectric will be a perfect reflector if the angle of incidence is greater than the
43、critical angle , ) / 1 ( arcsin = , as shown in Figure 1. In a very rough approximation, the air/dielectric interface can be considered to work as a magnetic wall (open-circuit), on which a normal component of the electric field and a tangential component of a magnetic field vanish. Thus, a dielectr
44、ic rod with finite length functions as a resonator due to internal reflections of electromagnetic waves at the air/dielectric interface. The size of a dielectric resonator can be considerably smaller than an empty resonant cavity at the same frequency. This is because the resonance frequency is dete
45、rmined when the resonator dimensions are of the order of half a wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, and because the wavelength is shortened in the dielectric according to the following equation: Page7 EN613382:2004 = 0 g(1) where g and 0 are the wavelengths in a dielectric with relative permitti
46、vity and in vacuum. This size-reduction effect on microwave components is the biggest advantage in using the dielectric resonator. 4.2 Basic structure The shape of a dielectric resonator is usually a disc or a cylinder which is a dielectric rod waveguide with finite length. Although the air/dielectr
47、ic interface is considered to work roughly as a magnetic wall, some of the field actually leaks out (radiates) especially at the end faces, where the angle of incidences is less than the critical angle. In order to prevent such radiation losses, the resonator must be inside some form of shielding co
48、nductor. As in a conventional metal wall cavity, there are various types of dielectric resonator structure and a number of modes can exist in each structure. Among these modes, the one with the lowest resonance frequency for certain diameter/length ratio is designated as the dominant mode. Figure 2 shows the three most commonly utilized dominant modes for dielectric resonators. The TE 01 mode dielectric resonator is characterized by a dominant TE (transverse electric) mode field distribution, the field of which leaks in the direction of wave propagation. This kind of mode resonator consists o
