1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 62127-2:2007Ultrasonics Hydrophones Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHzICS 17.140.50nullnull nullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullnullnullnullnullnull nullnull nullnullnullnullnul
2、lnullnullnullnull nullnull nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullnullnull+A1:2013National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013. It is identical to IEC 62127-2:2007, incorporating amendment 1:2013. It supersedes BS EN 62127-2:2007, which will be withdra
3、wn on 15 March 2016.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to IEC text carry the number of the IEC amendment. For example, text altered by IEC amendment 1 is indicated by .The UK participation in its preparation was e
4、ntrusted to Technical Committee EPL/87, Ultrasonics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance
5、with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013This British Standard waspublished under the authorityof the Standards Policy andStrategy Committeeon 30 May 2008 The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013.Amendments
6、/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments 31 July 2013 Implementation of IEC amendment 1:2013 with CENELEC endorsement A1:2013: Annex ZA updatedISBN 978 0 580 71775 8EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62127-2:2007+A1NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORMCENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardiza
7、tion Comit Europen de NormalisationElectrotechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels 2007 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any formand byanymeans reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 62127-2:2007 E ICS 1
8、7.140.50 English version Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz (IEC 62127-2:2007)Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 2: Etalonnage pour les champs ultrasonores jusqu 40 Mhz (CEI 62127-2:2007) Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 2: Kalibrierung fr Ultraschallfeld
9、er bis zu 40 MHz (IEC 62127-2:2007) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2007-09-01. CENELEC members arebound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving thisEuropean Standard the status ofanational standardwithout anyalteration.Up-to-da
10、te lists and bibliographical references concerning suchnational standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or toanyCENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three officialversions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the
11、responsibility of aCENELEC member intoits own languageandnotified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, theCzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
12、 Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Latvia, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Sweden, Switzerlandand theUnited Kingdom. March 2013Foreword The text of document 87/353/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 62127-2, prepared by IEC T
13、C 87, Ultrasonics,was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62127-2 on 2007-09-01. EN 62127-1, EN 62127-2 and EN 62127-3 are being published simultaneously. Together these EuropeanStandards cancel and replace EN 61101:1993, EN 61102:1993
14、+ A1:1994, EN 61220:1995 andEN 62092:2001. The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implementedat national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2008-06-01 latest date by which the national standards conflictingwith the EN have to
15、 be withdrawn (dow) 2010-09-01 Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. _ Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62127-2:2007 was approved by CENELEC as a EuropeanStandard without any modification. _ Foreword to amendment A1 The text of document 87/519/FDIS, future amendment 1 to e
16、dition 1 of IEC 62127-2, prepared by IEC/TC 87 “Ultrasonics“ was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 62127-2:2007/A1:2013. The following dates are fixed: latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical nati
17、onal standard or by endorsement (dop) 2013-12-15 latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2016-03-15 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC and/or CEN sh
18、all not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62127-2:2007/A1:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 (E) 2 CONTENTSINTR
19、ODUCTION.61 Scope.72Normative references73Terms, definitions and symbols. 84List of symbols15Overview of calibration procedures .15.1 Principles15.2 Summary of calibration procedures175.3 Reporting of results.185.4 Recommended calibration periods.196 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration
20、system.206.1 Mechanical positioning.206.1.1 General.206.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position206.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position206.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability.206.3 Hydrophone size216.4 Measurement vessel and water properties.216.5Measurement of outp
21、ut voltage7 Electrical considerations.227.1 Signal type227.2 Earthing.227.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage.227.3.1 General.227.3.2 Electrical loading bymeasuring instrument.227.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables237.3.4 Noise.237.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acous
22、tic interference.237.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers.248 Preparation of hydrophones248.1 General.248.2 Wetting248.3 Hydrophone support248.4 Influence of cable249 Free field reciprocity calibration 249.1 General.249.2 Object.249.3 General principles259.3.1 General.259.3.2 Three-transducer reci
23、procity calibration method.259.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method .259.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method259.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method259.4.1 Apparatus25BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 (E) 3 466219.4.2 Procedure2610 Free field calibration
24、by planar scanning .2610.1 General.2610.2 Object.2610.3 General principle.2610.4 Procedural requirements2810.4.1 Hydrophone scanning2810.5 Procedure2810.5.1 Power measurement2810.5.2 Transducer mounting.2810.5.3 Measurement conditions2810.5.4 Measurements.2910.6 Corrections and sources of uncertaint
25、y2911 Free field calibration byoptical interferometry.2911.1 General.2911.2 Principle2912 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone.2912.1 General.2912.2 Object.2912.3 Principle3012.4 Procedural requirements3012.4.1 Source transducer .3012.4.2 Source transducer drive signal.3012.4.3 Meas
26、urement system.3012.5 Procedure12.5.1Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a hydrophone12.5.2Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone12.6 Maximum hydrophone size.32Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibra
27、tion ofhydrophones.3Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity ultrasonicfields.35Annex C (informative) Electrical loading corrections.38Annex D (informative) Absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning technique39Annex E (informative) Properties of w
28、ater.47Annex F (informative) The absolute calibration of hydrophones by optical interferometry up to 40 MHz49Annex G (informative) Waveform concepts59Annex H (informative) Time delay spectrometry requirements and a brief review ofthe technique69Annex I (informative) Determination of the phase respon
29、se of hydrophones72Annex J (informative) Maximum size considerations for the active element of a hydrophone.78Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications.100BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 (E) 4 3131313Anne
30、x K (informative) Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method 80Bibliography95Figure F.1 Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique52Figure F.2 End-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity, M c , of a coplanar membrane hydrophone.54Figure F.3 Hydrophone waveform generated by a 9 m coplanar
31、 membrane hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm)55Figure F.4 Interferometer (displacement) waveform generated with the pellicle positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm) .56Figure F.5 Frequency spectrum of the displacement waveform
32、(lower curve) and the differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve)56Figure F.6 Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element diameter of a 9 m bilaminarmembrane hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHzto 60 MHz.57Figure G.1 Coordinates of a field point, P, in the near f
33、ield of a plane- circular source transducer of radius, ta 66Figure I.1 Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for two membrane hydrophones.74Figure I.2 Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for a 0,2 mm needle hydrophone.76Table 1 List of typical uncertainty values obtained by the c
34、alibration methodsspecified in this standard and for the frequency range listed here18Table E.1 Speed of sound c and specific acoustic impedance, c , as a function oftemperature, for propagation in water47Table G.1 Temporal waveform and hydrophone position concepts described in thisAnnex.59Table I.1
35、. Example of uncertainties (where a coverage factor, k = 2, is used) for a HTDS phase calibration of a needle hydrophone with a diameter of 0,2 mm, expressed at a confidence level of 95 %.74BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 (E) 5 INTRODUCTION The spatial and temporal distribution of
36、 acoustic pressure in an ultrasonic field in a liquid medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones . These devices are not absolute measurement instruments and require calibration. The purpose of this part ofIEC 62127 is to specifythose calibration methods to be used in deter
37、mining the response of a hydrophone in the ultrasonic range, i.e. above 20 kHz up to a frequency of 40 MHz. The main hydrophone application in this context lies in the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted bymedical diagnostic equipment in water. Hydrophone behaviour over this wide frequencyband
38、is required in order to reliably characterize the acoustic parametersofthe applied acousticfield. In particular, the frequency range above 15 MHz isimportant to fully characterize thisequipment, primarily due to the increased appearance of high-frequency components in the ultrasonic signals, caused
39、by nonlinear propagation. In addition, the number of medical ultrasonic systemsthat use frequencies above 15 MHz, particularly intra-operative probes, isgrowing. It has turned out in recent years that the hydrophone response below 0,5 MHz is also required to reliably determine the peak-negative (rar
40、efactional) acoustic pressure. While the term “ hydrophone“ can be used in a wider sense, it is understood here as referring to miniature piezoelectric hydrophones . It is this instrument type that is used today in variousareas of medical ultrasonics and, in particular,to characterize quantitatively
41、 the field structure of medical diagnostic instruments. With regard to other pressure sensor types, such as those based on fibre optics, some of the requirements of this standard are applicable to these as well but others are not. If in the future these other “ hydrophone“ types gain more importance
42、 in field measurement practice, their characteristics and calibration will have to be dealt with in a revised version of this standard or in a separate one. NOTE Thisstandard covers the ultrasonicfrequency range, from 20 kHz to an upper frequency of 40 MHz.Standards dealing with hydrophone propertie
43、s (IEC 62127-3) and hydrophone use (IEC 62127-1) are being developed in parallel as part of a programme of maintenance activities aimed at restructuring and m erging, where possible, all existing ultrasonic hydrophone standards. This will eventually lead to unified standards covering the whole field
44、 of practical hydrophone application.BS EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 EN 62127-2:2007+A1:2013 (E) 6 ULTRASONICS HYDROPHONES Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz 1 Scope This part of IEC 62127 specifies: absolute hydrophone calibration methods; relative (comparative) hydrophone calibratio
45、n methods. Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this standard. This standard is applicable to hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the ultrasonic frequencyrange up
46、to 40 MHz;NOTE 1 Although some physiotherapy medical applications of medical ultrasound are developing which operate in the frequency range 40 kHz to 100 kHz, the primary frequency range of diagnostic imaging remainsabove 2 MHz. It has recently been established that, even in the latter case,the hydr
47、ophone response atsubstantially lower frequencies can influence measurements made of key acoustic parameters 1. hydrophones employing circular piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed wave and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment; NOTE 2 Some hydro
48、phones can have non-circular active elements, arising from slight deviations from a circular structure caused, for example by electrode structure, or conversely, the active elementscan actuallybe squares. The clauses within this standard remain valid, although, in these cases, specialattention shoul
49、d be paid to the directional response and to the effective radii of the active element through various axes ofrotation. hydrophones with or without a hydrophone pre-amplifier.2 Normativereferences The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. Fordated references, only the edition cited applies.For undated references, the latest edition ofthe referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60050-801, International Electrotechnic
