1、Vitreous and porcelain enamels TerminologyPart 2: Visual representations and descriptionsBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 19496-2:2017. The UK participation
2、 in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee STI/36, Vitreous enamel coatings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users are responsible for
3、its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 87103 0ICS 01.040.25; 25.220.50Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandar
4、ds Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedPUBLISHED DOCUMENTBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 19496-2 March 2017 ICS 01.040.25; 25.220.50 English Version Vitreous and porcelain enamel
5、s - Terminology - Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions (ISO 19496-2:2017) maux vitrifis - Terminologie - Partie 2: Reprsentations visuelles et descriptions (ISO 19496-2:2017) Email und Emaillierungen - Terminologie - Teil 2: Darstellung und Charakterisierung (ISO 19496-2:2017) This Europe
6、an Standard was approved by CEN on 28 February 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references co
7、ncerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member
8、into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France
9、, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISC
10、HES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 19496-2:2017 EEN ISO 19496-2:2017 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 BS EN ISO
11、19496-2:2017EN ISO 19496-2:2017 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN ISO 19496-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings, including for corrosion
12、 protection and corrosion testing of metals and alloys” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2017, and conflicting national standards
13、shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Inter
14、nal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ir
15、eland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 19496-2:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19496-2:2017 without any modif
16、ication. BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)Foreword v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Enamelling defects . 14.1 Chipping 14.1.1 Further designations 14.1.2 Description 14.1.3 Origin and causes 14.2 Lines . 34.2.1 Hairlines 34.2.2 Bubble lines 44.2.3 Watermarks 5
17、4.2.4 Linear cracks . 64.3 Lumps . 64.3.1 Further designations 64.3.2 Description 64.3.3 Origin and causes 64.4 Dimples 74.4.1 Further designations 74.4.2 Description 74.4.3 Origin and causes 74.5 Blisters . 84.5.1 Further designations 84.5.2 Description 84.5.3 Origin and causes 84.6 Spots and speck
18、s . 94.6.1 Further designations 94.6.2 Description 94.6.3 Origin and causes 94.7 Crawling . 104.7.1 Further designations .104.7.2 Description . 114.7.3 Origin and causes .114.8 Copperheads and burn-offs 114.8.1 Further designations .114.8.2 Description . 124.8.3 Origin and causes .124.9 Fish scales
19、134.9.1 Further designations .134.9.2 Description . 144.9.3 Origin and causes .144.10 Pinholes 144.10.1 Further designations .144.10.2 Description . 144.10.3 Origin and causes .154.11 Ripples . 154.11.1 Further designations .154.11.2 Description . 154.11.3 Origin and causes .154.12 Poor adherence 16
20、4.12.1 Further designations .164.12.2 Description . 16 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)4.12.3 Origin and causes .164.13 Cracks . 174.13.1 Further designations .174.13.2 Description . 174.13.3 Origin and causes .17iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS
21、 EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body
22、 interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotec
23、hnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO
24、documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held re
25、sponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information
26、given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) pri
27、nciples in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.A list of all parts in the ISO 19496 series can be found on the ISO website. ISO 2017 All rig
28、hts reserved vBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017Vitreous and porcelain enamels Terminology Part 2: Visual representations and descriptions1 ScopeThis document establishes a system for the cataloguing of defects in sheet steel enamelling. It serves for a consistent language use concerning t
29、he designation and characterization of enamelling defects. This document is limited to detectable defects and does not purport to fully take into consideration all occurring types of defects. It does not evaluate enamelling defects; the classification carried out serves for the conveyance of practic
30、al knowledge.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.3 Terms and definitionsNo terms and definitions are listed in this document.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t
31、p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp4 Enamelling defects4.1 Chipping4.1.1 Further designations spalling pop-offs peeling delamination4.1.2 Description Chipping (see Figure 1) is surface detachment of the vitreous enamel exposing the la
32、yer below or also the substrate.4.1.3 Origin and causesChipping occurs if the stress in the vitreous enamel layer is too great or the adhesion between the vitreous enamel and the substrate is too low.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19496-2:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 1
33、9496-2:2017(E)Possible causes are compressive stress in the enamel layer which is too high, due to incorrect material combination or a construction not suitable for enamelling, poor adherence of the vitreous enamel layer on the sheet steel, mechanical stress, and thermal stress.a) Pop-off resulting
34、from impact on the rear sideb) Chipping resulting from too high a compressive stressc) Chipping resulting from too high a compressive stress and poor adherenceFigure 1 Spalling2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)4.2 Lines4.2.1 Hairlines4.2.1.1 Further designations
35、strain lines tension lines4.2.1.2 DescriptionContinuous, clearly defined line (see Figure 2) in the vitreous enamel surface; single, parallel or concentric.4.2.1.3 Origin and causesHairlines result from reactions during the firing of the vitreous enamel.Possible causes are lamination or rolled-in sc
36、ale in the steel (rolling lines), pre-treatment residue, crazing in vitreous enamel layers underneath, uneven heating-up, especially work pieces which have differing wall thicknesses, construction of parts which are unsuitable for enamelling, vitreous enamel layer too thick, vitreous enamel too fine
37、ly milled, incorrect matching of ground-coat and cover coat enamel with regard to the smelting behaviour, insufficient firing grate supports, unequal temperature distribution in the furnace, use of outdated steel despite low deformation, and too low a yield strength of the substrate. ISO 2017 All ri
38、ghts reserved 3BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)a) Hairlines, top viewb) Hairlines, top view corresponding cross section; see Figure 2 c)c) Cross section of two hairlines which result from too soft or too finely milled ground-coatFigure 2 Hairlines4.2.2 Bubble lines4.2.2.1 Further designatio
39、ns pearl lines4.2.2.2 DescriptionLinearly open or closed blisters located in the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 3).4.2.2.3 Origin and causesBubble lines are a result of gas-forming reactions in the firing of the vitreous enamel.Possible causes are lamination or rolled-in scale in the steel (rol
40、ling lines),4 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E) pre-treatment residue, contamination of the substrate surface, crazing in the vitreous enamel layers underneath, vitreous enamel layer too thick, poor weld seam production, and incorrect filler material for weld seam
41、.Figure 3 Bubble line as a result of lamination4.2.3 Watermarks4.2.3.1 Further designations shorelines water streaks4.2.3.2 DescriptionContinuous, not clearly defined line (see Figure 4) in the vitreous enamel surface; single, parallel or dispersing.4.2.3.3 Origin and causesWatermarks occur during a
42、pplication of the slip.Possible causes are localized salt accumulation during slip drying, recondensation in hollow bodies during uneven drying, incorrect slip consistency, inappropriate application technique, and inappropriate substrate design. ISO 2017 All rights reserved 5BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017IS
43、O 19496-2:2017(E)Figure 4 Drying lines4.2.4 Linear cracksSee 4.13.4.3 Lumps4.3.1 Further designations bumps pimple4.3.2 DescriptionRaised area in the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 5).4.3.3 Origin and causes contamination of the vitreous enamel slip slip ingredients too coarse surface bulged by
44、 a closed blister localized thick enamel application6 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E)a) Lump resulting from inhomogeneity b) Lump resulting from blister, top viewc) Lump caused by a closed blisterFigure 5 Lump4.4 Dimples4.4.1 Further designations depression4.4.2
45、 DescriptionShallow depression in the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 6).4.4.3 Origin and causesDimples result from localized changes in the surface tension and/or viscosity of the vitreous enamel layer, as well as collapsing blisters.Possible causes are borax crystals in the slip, ISO 2017 All
46、rights reserved 7BS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E) sulfur compounds, iron, molybdenum and tungsten contamination, and large blisters which, after firing, are closed but have not smelted to a smooth finish.a) Dimple resulting from borax crystals b) Dimples, top viewFigure 6 Dimples4.5 Blister
47、s4.5.1 Further designations boiling defect scum blisters blister groups4.5.2 DescriptionVisible, open or closed hollow spaces on the vitreous enamel surface (see Figure 7).4.5.3 Origin and causesBlisters are a result of gas formation during the firing of the vitreous enamel.Possible causes are react
48、ion of gas-forming components in the substrate, lamination or rolled-in scale in the steel (rolling lines), welding seam defect, emission of hydrogen during firing, slip (mill additions, slip too old, incorrect enamel combination), pre-treatment residue, organic contamination, furnace atmosphere (to
49、o humid, poor furnace ventilation), and8 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19496-2:2017ISO 19496-2:2017(E) burnt ground-coat.a) Open blister, top viewb) Blister accumulation as a result of organic contamination, top viewc) Cross section through a blister accumulation d) Closed blisters, top viewFigure 7 Blisters4.6 Spots and specks4.6.1 Further designationsNone.4.6.2 DescriptionFrom point-shaped up to extensive colour deviation of the vitreo
