1、PD CEN ISO/TR15462:2009ICS 13.060.70NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTWater quality Selection of tests forbiodegradability (ISO/TR 15462:2006)This Published Documentwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on
2、28 February2010 . BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 68970 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TR15462:2009. It is identical to ISO/TR 15462:2006. It supersedes BS6068-5.0:1998 and which
3、is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract.
4、 Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN ISO/TR 15462 November 2009 ICS 13.060.70 English Version Water quality - Selection of tests for biodegradabili
5、ty (ISO/TR 15462:2006) Qualit de leau - Slection dessais de biodgradabilit (ISO/TR 15462:2006) Wasserbeschaffenheit - Auswahl von Prfverfahren fr die biologische Abbaubarkeit (ISO/TR 15462:2006) This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 14 May 2009. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
6、 CEN/TC 230. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slov
7、enia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN n
8、ational Members. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009: EPD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO/TR 15462:2006 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 “Water quality” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as CEN
9、ISO/TR 15462:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or
10、all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TR 15462:2006 has been approved by CEN as a CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009 without any modification. PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definit
11、ions. 1 3 Evaluations and recommendations 4 Annex A (informative) Comparison of ISO International Standards with OECD Guidelines 19 Bibliography . 20 PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a wor
12、ldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on
13、 that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted
14、in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standar
15、d requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple ma
16、jority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
17、this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 15462 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 5, Biological methods. This second edition cancels and replaces the first ed
18、ition (ISO/TR 15462:1997), which has been technically revised. PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved vIntroduction The biodegradation of substances and wastewater ingredients depends not only on the molecular structures of the test material, but also on important
19、additional factors, such as the aquatic or terrestrial test environments; aerobic or anaerobic test conditions; source and concentration of the microorganisms of the inoculum; acclimatization and adaptation of the inoculum; concentration of the test material; presence of other organic substrate; pos
20、sible toxic effects of the test material under the test conditions; physical and chemical properties and bioavailability of the test material (e.g. volatility, water solubility, adsorption on surfaces); physical and chemical properties of the test system (e.g. volume of test mixture and test vessels
21、, CO2removal and oxygen concentration, temperature); test conditions (e.g. mixing, shaking, mode of aeration, batch or dynamic, closed or open test vessels); test duration; analytical parameters used (sum parameters, such as DOC, BOD, CO2 or substance specific analysis). As so many factors can influ
22、ence the test results, it is not possible to define a “true” or “reference” method. The reproducibility of the test results using different methods or conditions or even using identical test methods can be low and differing test results can be obtained. Usually, a test material, which is either easi
23、ly or poorly biodegradable, will produce similar test results in replicates and on repetition. Substances, which are partly or moderately biodegradable and need special consortia of bacteria or long adaptation periods, will often produce disparate results. The biodegradation tests listed in this Tec
24、hnical Report are designed to determine the biodegradability of chemical substances or wastewaters under standardized conditions. The test results are required to predict the biodegradation behaviour of the test materials in natural or technical aquatic environments, for example, in rivers, lakes, p
25、onds, sea, wastewater treatment plants, digesters. To improve their predictive value, the test methods should simulate, to a certain degree, such environments. As the conditions in these environments are often very different, sometimes even diametrically opposed, the standard methods reflect these d
26、ifferences. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a sufficient number of different standardized test methods to allow the choice of the best one for a specific purpose. PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1Water quality S
27、election of tests for biodegradability 1 Scope This Technical Report gives an overview of biodegradation tests for the aquatic environment standardized by ISO and provides recommendations on their use. In Annex A, the biodegradation guidelines for the aquatic medium of the OECD are included, because
28、 these methods are sometimes identical to ISO standards or are useful supplements. In addition, inhibitory tests with bacteria and mixed bacterial inocula are included in this Technical Report because a possible toxicity on the inoculum is important information for the choice and performance of biod
29、egradation tests. It is very helpful to determine bacteria toxicity in advance using the same inoculum as the planned biodegradation test before starting biodegradation testing. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 activated sludge
30、 biomass and inert matter produced in the aerobic treatment of wastewater by the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen 2.2 biochemical oxygen demand BOD mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the aerobic biological oxid
31、ation of a chemical compound or organic matter in water NOTE For the purpose of this Technical Report, it is expressed as milligrams of oxygen uptake per milligram or gram of test compound. 2.3 biodegradation phase time from the end of the lag phase of a test until about 90 % of the maximum level of
32、 biodegradation has been reached NOTE It is expressed in days. 2.4 biogas carbon dioxide and methane produced by anaerobic bacteria 2.5 chemical oxygen demand COD mass concentration of oxygen equivalent to the amount of a specified oxidant consumed by a chemical compound or organic matter when a wat
33、er sample is treated with that oxidant under defined conditions NOTE It is expressed as milligrams oxygen uptake per milligram or gram test compound. PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.6 concentration of suspended solids of an activated sludge amount of soli
34、ds obtained by filtration or centrifugation at known conditions of a known volume of activated sludge and drying at about 105 C to constant mass NOTE Mixed liquor suspended solids is also often used. 2.7 degree of adsorption on activated sludge percentage of a test compound eliminated by any process
35、es but biodegradation under the conditions of a specific aqueous batch test with activated sludge, determined by comparing the concentration at the beginning with that at the end of the test 2.8 digested sludge mixture of the settled phases of sewage and activated sludge, which have been incubated i
36、n an anaerobic digester at about 35 C to reduce biomass and odour problems and to improve the dewaterability of the sludge, and which consists of a consortium of anaerobic fermentative and methanogenic bacteria producing carbon dioxide and methane 2.9 dissolved inorganic carbon DIC part of the inorg
37、anic carbon in water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation NOTE Phase separation may be obtained, for example, by centrifugation of the water sample at 40 000 m/s2 for 15 min or by membrane-filtration using membranes with pores of 0,45 m diameter. 2.10 dissolved organic carbon DOC pa
38、rt of the organic carbon in a sample of water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation NOTE Phase separation may obtained, for example, by centrifugation of the water sample at 40 000 m/s2for 15 min or by membrane-filtration using membranes with pores of 0,45 m diameter. 2.11 lag phase
39、time from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degrading microorganisms are achieved and the biodegradation degree of a chemical compound or organic matter has increased to about 10 % of the maximum level of biodegradation NOTE It is expressed in days. 2.12 maximum level of b
40、iodegradation maximum biodegradation degree of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test above which no further biodegradation takes place during the test NOTE It is expressed in percent. 2.13 mixed liquor suspended solids MLSS concentration of solids, expressed in a specified dried form, in t
41、he mixed liquor ISO 6107-3:1993, 48 PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 32.14 plateau phase time from the end of the biodegradation phase to the end of the test NOTE It is expressed in days. 2.15 pre-conditioning pre-incubation of an inoculum under the condition
42、s of the test in the absence of the chemical compound and/or organic matter, with the aim of improving the performance of the test by acclimatisation of the microorganisms to the test conditions 2.16 pre-exposure pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of a chemical compound and/or organic mat
43、ter, with the aim of enhancing the ability of this inoculum to biodegrade the test material by adaptation and selection of the microorganisms 2.17 primary anaerobic biodegradation level of degradation achieved when a test compound undergoes any structural change, other than complete mineralization,
44、as a result of anaerobic microbial action 2.18 primary biodegradation structural change (transformation) of a chemical compound by microorganisms resulting in the loss of a specific property 2.19 theoretical oxygen demand ThOD theoretical maximum amount of oxygen required to oxidize a chemical compo
45、und completely, calculated from the molecular formula NOTE In this case, it is expressed as milligrams oxygen uptake per milligram or gram test compound. 2.20 total organic carbon TOC all carbon present in organic matter which is dissolved and suspended in the water 2.21 ultimate aerobic biodegradat
46、ion breakdown of a chemical compound or of organic matter by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other elements present (mineralization) and the production of new biomass 2.22 total inorganic carbon TIC all that inorganic carbon in the water der
47、iving from carbon dioxide and carbonate 2.23 theoretical amount of formed carbon dioxide ThCO2maximum amount of carbon dioxide formed after oxidizing a chemical compound completely, calculated from the molecular formula NOTE It is expressed in milligrams of carbon dioxide per milligram or gram of te
48、st compound. PD CEN ISO/TR 15462:2009ISO/TR 15462:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.24 theoretical amount of inorganic carbon ThIC maximum amount of inorganic carbon formed after oxidizing a chemical compound completely, calculated stoichiometrically from the molecular formula NOTE It is expre
49、ssed in milligrams of carbon per milligram or gram of test compound. 2.25 ultimate anaerobic biodegradation level of degradation achieved when a test compound is utilized by anaerobic microorganisms resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, methane, mineral salts, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomass) 3 Evaluations and recommendations 3.1 Biodegradation test methods The test methods for aerobic biodegradability are not of equal potential, largely because of the different microbial densities, the conce
