1、BSI Standards PublicationPD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010Ergonomics of human-systeminteractionPart 310: Visibility, aesthetics andergonomics of pixel defectsPD CEN I - : 5PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:201
2、5. It is identical to ISO/TR 9241-310:2010. It supersedes PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary
3、.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 90916 0ICS 13.180; 35.180Compliance with a British Standard canno
4、t confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2011.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected31 December 2015 This corrigendum renumbers PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010 as PD
5、 CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015.TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN ISO/TR 9241-310 December 2015 ICS 35.180; 13.180 English Version Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects (ISO/TR 9241-310:2010) Ergonomie de linterac
6、tion homme-systme - Partie 310: Visibilit, esthtique et ergonomie des dfauts de pixel (ISO/TR 9241-310:2010) This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 October 2015. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 122.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bul
7、garia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, T
8、urkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members
9、. Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015 ECEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015 (E) 3 European foreword This document (CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. A
10、ttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of ISO/TR 9241-310:2010 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO
11、/TR 9241-310:2015 without any modification. PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015 (E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Terms and definitions .1 3 Review of research3 3.1 Detection of spots
12、.3 3.2 Visibility of pixel defects.16 3.3 Aesthetical acceptability of pixel defects .20 3.4 Ergonomics limits related to pixel defect .20 4 Review of standards23 4.1 ISO 13406-2, Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels - Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat pane
13、l displays .23 4.2 ISO 9241 300-series.26 4.3 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)28 4.4 Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) Flat Panel Display Measurements (FPDM) 28 5 Review of industry practice28 5.1 General .28 5.2 Technical specification.29 5.3 Specification for end custom
14、ers29 5.4 Outgoing inspection29 5.5 Incoming inspection30 6 Illustrations and descriptions of pixel defects.30 Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series .35 Annex B (informative) Pixel defect industry and market status 2005 .36 Annex C (informative) A draft of a model for acceptable pixe
15、l level .37 Annex D (informative) Draft recommendations .42 Bibliography49 PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of na
16、tional standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Intern
17、ational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the
18、rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by
19、at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its part
20、icipating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be th
21、e subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 9241-310 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics of human-system interaction. ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the gene
22、ral title Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs): Part 1: General introduction Part 2: Guidance on task requirements Part 4: Keyboard requirements Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements Part 6: Guidance on the work environment Part 9: Requirements f
23、or non-keyboard input devices Part 11: Guidance on usability Part 12: Presentation of information Part 13: User guidance Part 14: Menu dialogues Part 15: Command dialogues Part 16: Direct manipulation dialogues Part 17: Form filling dialogues PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/
24、TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of humansystem interaction: Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services Part 100: Introd
25、uction to standards related to software ergonomics Technical Report Part 110: Dialogue principles Part 129: Guidance on software individualization Part 151: Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
26、Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic
27、visual displays Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) Technical Report Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays Technic
28、al Report Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects Technical Report Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices Part 420: Selection of physical input devices Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic i
29、nteraction Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions The following parts are under preparation: Part 143: Form-based dialogues Part 154: Design guidance for interactive voice response (IVR) applications Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitiv
30、e seizures and evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices are to form the subject of a future part 411. PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) vi ISO 2010 All rights reservedIntroduction This part of ISO 9241 summarises infor
31、mation that ISO/TC 159/SC 4/WG 2, Visual display requirements, collected on pixel defects and their impact on aesthetics and ergonomics during preparation of ISO 13406 and other parts in the ISO 9241 “300” subseries. It uses terms and definitions from ISO 9241-302 and VESA FDPM20. It is based on res
32、earch and reports that were available at the end of year 2005. The annexes contain information upon which the Working Group could not reach consensus, as well as some additional information, collected during the year 2006, that did not undergo the same review and analysis process as the earlier mate
33、rial. PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics of human-system interaction Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects IMPORTANT The electronic file of this document
34、 contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing this document using a colour printer. 1 Scope This part of ISO 9241 provides a summary of existing knowledge on ergonomics requirements for pixel defects in ele
35、ctronic displays at the time of its publication. It also gives guidance on the specification of pixel defects, visibility thresholds and aesthetic requirements for pixel defects. It does not itself give requirements related to pixel defects, but it is envisaged that its information could be used in
36、the revision of other parts in the ISO 9241 series. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 pixel smallest addressable spatial unit of a display that can show all the colours of the display NOTE 1 Typical pixel heights for single-user
37、 displays range from 0,05 mm to 0,40 mm. Multi-user displays viewed from a distance use bigger pixel sizes. NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 9241-302:2008, definition 3.4.29. 2.2 subpixel independently addressable unit of a pixel, the smallest addressable unit of a display, used for spatial dithering to chan
38、ge colour or luminance 2.3 pixel fault defective pixel or subpixel that is visible under the intended context of use ISO 9241-302:2008 2.4 pixel defect pixels that operate improperly when addressed with video information EXAMPLE A pixel addressed to turn black could remain white. If it never changes
39、 state, it is said to be a stuck pixel. If it changes state without the proper addressing signal, it could be intermittent. VESA FPDM 303-6 PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 All rights reserved2.5 stuck on pixel bright pixel o
40、n a black background NOTE A stuck on pixel can be observed using a black screen. VESA FPDM 303-6 2.6 stuck off pixel dark pixel on a white screen NOTE A stuck off pixel can be observed using a white screen. VESA FPDM 303-6 2.7 stuck dim pixel grey pixel independent of a white or black background NOT
41、E A stuck dim pixel can be observed using a white and then a black screen. VESA FPDM 303-6 2.8 defective column/row complete column or row of pixel defects VESA FPDM 303-6 2.9 partial pixels or subpixels that have defective sub area of defects EXAMPLE Part of the pixel is stuck on or off but the res
42、t of the pixel works properly. VESA FPDM 303-6 2.10 temporal and intermittent defect (sub)pixel defect that exhibits temporal variations not related to any steady-state video input NOTE Temporal defects can be intermittent, exhibit a sudden change of state, or be flickering. They can be observed usi
43、ng a white and/or a black screen. VESA FPDM 303-6 2.11 defect cluster more than one defect present in a cluster of pixels of a defined size, e.g. 5 5 pixels VESA FPDM 303-6 2.12 fill factor amount of the area producing useful luminance compared to the amount of the area allocated to the (sub)pixel V
44、ESA FPDM 303-3 PD CEN ISO/TR 9241-310:2015ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E)PD ISO/TR 9241-310:2010ISO/TR 9241-310:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 32.13 mura Japanese word meaning blemish that has been adopted in English to provide a name for imperfections of a display pixel matrix surface that are visibl
45、e when the display screen is driven to a constant grey level NOTE Mura defects appear as low contrast, non-uniform brightness regions, typically larger than single pixels. They are caused by a variety of physical factors. For example, in LCD displays, the causes of mura defects include non-uniformly
46、 distributed liquid crystal material and foreign particles within the liquid crystal. Mura-like blemishes occur in CRT, FED and other display devices. VESA FPDM 303-8 3 Review of research 3.1 Detection of spots 3.1.1 General Detection of spots is somewhat different to detection of spatially periodic
47、 targets. The vision research on spatially periodic targets is more extensive than the research on spots. The main factors affecting the visibility of small spots are spot size, spot duration, interaction of size and duration, the oblique effect, light adaptation, location in the visual field and sp
48、atial uncertainty. Reading research 25 showed that the human being has three contrast channels suitable for reading; luminance contrast, Red-Green contrast and Yellow-Blue contrast. In normal reading, the signal from the contrast channel with the strongest signal is used and the two other channels a
49、re ignored. Since reading is dependent on detection of character features, it can be assumed that the same mechanism is valid for spot detection. Effects of defect colour on spot detection can thus be analyzed for the three contrast channels separately and the spot will be visible if one or more of the three contrast channels produces a signal that exceeds contrast threshold. 3.1.2 Spot size 3.1.2.1 General For small spots the visibility th
