1、 ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) Environmental Engineering (EE); Methodology for environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods, networks and services ETSI STANDARD ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) 2Reference RES/EE-EEPS14 Keywords LCA ETSI 65
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7、The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2015. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE are Trade Marks o
8、f ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association. ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) 3Contents Intellectual Property Rights 7g3Foreword . 7g3Modal verbs terminology 7g3Introdu
9、ction 7g31 Scope 11g32 References 11g32.1 Normative references . 11g32.2 Informative references 12g33 Definitions and abbreviations . 13g33.1 Definitions 13g33.2 Abbreviations . 17g34 Void 20g3Part I: ICT life cycle assessment - framework and guidance . 20g35 General description. 20g35.1 General des
10、cription of an LCA . 20g35.2 Compliance to the present document 21g35.3 Comparisons of results . 22g35.4 Relationship between methodologies of LCAs for ICT goods, networks and services 22g36 Methodological framework 23g36.1 General requirements . 23g36.1.1 Life cycle stages . 23g36.1.2 The goods, ne
11、tworks and services Product System 24g36.1.2.1 ICT goods 24g36.1.2.2 ICT networks. 24g36.1.2.3 ICT services 25g36.1.3 Handling of software 25g36.1.3.1 General 25g36.1.3.2 Assessment of software . 26g36.1.4 Operating lifetime . 26g36.2 Goal and scope definition . 27g36.2.1 Goal and scope of the study
12、 27g36.2.2 Functional unit 28g36.2.2.1 General 28g36.2.2.2 ICT goods 29g36.2.2.3 ICT networks. 29g36.2.2.4 ICT services 30g36.2.3 System boundaries 30g36.2.3.1 General 30g36.2.3.2 The use of unit processes 33g36.2.3.3 ICT goods 33g36.2.3.3.1 General 33g36.2.3.3.2 Goods Raw materials acquisition 34g3
13、6.2.3.3.3 Production . 34g36.2.3.3.4 Use . 36g36.2.3.3.5 End-of-life treatment (EoLT) 37g36.2.3.4 ICT Networks 38g36.2.3.5 ICT Services 39g36.2.3.5.1 General 39g36.2.3.5.2 Eight items to consider 39g36.2.4 Cut-off rules 41g36.2.5 Data quality requirements . 42g3ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02)
14、46.2.5.1 General 42g36.2.5.2 Specific requirements on data and data sources 43g36.3 Life cycle inventory (LCI) 45g36.3.1 Data collection 45g36.3.1.1 General 45g36.3.1.2 ICT goods 45g36.3.1.2.1 Use stage energy consumption of ICT goods 46g36.3.1.2.2 ICT goods data for other life cycle stages . 46g36.
15、3.1.2.3 Energy mixes . 46g36.3.1.2.4 Handling of LCI results for electricity and energy 46g36.3.1.3 ICT networks. 47g36.3.1.4 ICT services 47g36.3.2 Data calculation 47g36.3.2.1 General 47g36.3.2.2 ICT goods 47g36.3.2.3 ICT networks. 48g36.3.2.4 ICT services 49g36.3.3 Allocation procedure/Allocation
16、 of data . 49g36.3.3.1 General 49g36.3.3.2 Allocation rules for generic processes. 49g36.3.3.3 Allocation rules for allocation of support activities between projects/product systems 50g36.3.3.4 Allocation rules for facility data 50g36.3.3.5 Allocation rules for transports . 50g36.3.3.6 Allocation ru
17、les for recycling 50g36.3.3.7 ICT goods 50g36.3.3.8 ICT networks. 51g36.3.3.9 ICT services 51g37 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) 52g37.1 Impact categories 52g38 Life cycle interpretation . 56g38.1 General . 56g38.2 Uncertainty analysis . 56g38.3 Sensitivity analysis . 56g39 Reporting 56g39.1 Gen
18、eral . 56g39.2 ICT goods . 58g39.2.1 Total results 58g39.2.2 System boundaries 60g39.2.2.1 Life cycle stages, unit processes and generic processes 60g39.2.2.2 Raw material acquisition . 60g39.2.2.3 Production . 61g39.2.2.3.1 Parts production . 61g39.2.2.4 Use 61g39.2.2.4.1 ICT goods use 61g39.2.2.4.
19、2 Support goods use 61g39.2.2.5 EoLT . 61g39.2.3 LCI results 61g39.3 ICT Network 61g39.3.1 Total results 62g39.4 ICT services 64g39.4.1 Total results 65g310 Critical review 67g3Part II: Comparative analysis/LCA between ICT and reference product system (baseline scenario): framework and guidance 68g3
20、11 General description of comparative analysis 68g311.1 Need for comparative analysis . 68g311.2 Target systems for comparative analysis 69g311.3 Principles of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis) 69g3ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) 511.3.1 First case: comparison between a refere
21、nce product system and an ICT service . 69g311.3.2 Second case: comparison between two ICT goods or two ICT networks or two ICT services 70g311.3.3 Common principles . 70g311.4 Procedures of comparisons between systems (comparative analysis) 70g312 Methodological framework of comparative analysis .
22、71g312.1 General requirements . 71g312.2 Goal and scope definition . 71g312.2.1 Functional unit 71g312.2.2 System boundaries 71g312.2.3 Cut-off 72g312.2.3.1 General 72g312.2.3.2 Identification of life cycle stages and items important for comparison . 72g312.2.4 Allocation . 72g312.2.5 Data quality r
23、equirements . 72g312.3 Life cycle inventory 72g312.4 Life cycle impact assessment . 72g312.5 Life cycle interpretation . 72g312.5.1 General 72g312.5.2 Sensitivity analysis . 73g312.5.3 Uncertainty analysis 73g313 Reporting 74g314 Critical review 75g3Annex A (normative): Details regarding the handlin
24、g of software . 76g3Annex B (normative): Modelling of unit processes . 78g3Annex C (normative): Support activities . 80g3Annex D (normative): Generic processes . 81g3Annex E (normative): Part types of ICT goods . 83g3Annex F (normative): EoLT processes 86g3Annex G (normative): Elementary flows (emis
25、sions and resources) . 87g3Annex H (normative): List of Raw materials . 90g3Annex I: Void . 92g3Annex J (normative): ICT network overview . 93g3Annex K (normative): A method for assessing the environmental load of the working environment 95g3K.1 Purpose of targeting the working environment in the as
26、sessment of ICT goods, networks and services . 95g3K.2 Functional unit 95g3K.3 System boundary 95g3K.4 Life cycle inventory (LCI) . 96g3K.4.1 Data collection 96g3K.4.2 Data calculation 96g3K.4.3 Allocation procedure 96g3Annex L (normative): Reporting formats 98g3Annex M (informative): Example of an
27、LCA of a Mobile Phone fully compliant with the present document . 105g3ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) 6Annex N (informative): Life cycle stages overview 137g3Annex O (informative): Examples of goods and black box modules 138g3O.1 End-user goods . 138g3O.2 CPE. 138g3O.3 Network site goods (fro
28、m base station sites to data centres) 138g3O.4 Examples of ICT specific black box modules 139g3O.5 Site support goods 139g3Annex P (informative): Examples of Networks and Network goods . 140g3Annex Q (informative): Energy mix . 141g3Annex R (informative): Examples of Allocation Procedures 142g3R.1 A
29、llocation examples for Recycling of Materials 142g3R.1.1 Example of the 100/0 and 0/100 methods 142g3R.1.2 Example of the 50/50 method and combination of 100/0 and 50/50 143g3Annex S (informative): Example of data quality indicators 145g3Annex T (informative): Uncertainties of life cycle assessments
30、 for ICT goods, networks and services 147g3Annex U (informative): Opportunities and limitations in the use of LCAs for ICT goods, networks and services 149g3Annex V (informative): Examples for calculating second order effects 151g3Annex W (informative): GWP values 100 year time frame (informative) .
31、 154g3Annex X (informative): Summary of requirements 155g3History 167g3ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015-02) 7Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is pu
32、blicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ET
33、SI Web server (http:/ipr.etsi.org). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or
34、may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE). The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recomme
35、ndation ITU-T L.1410 and ETSI Standard ETSI ES 203 199, which are technically-equivalent. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “shall“, “shall not“, “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “cannot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ET
36、SI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. Introduction The present document has been developed to complement ISO 14040 1 and ISO 14044 2 for the environmental assessment of the li
37、fe cycle impact of ICT goods, networks and services. The present document defines a set of requirements to reflect the quality that practitioners should strive for. At this stage some of the requirements put forward here are considered as challenging due to life cycle assessment (LCA) tool limitatio
38、ns, a lack of data, limitations in data granularity, etc. It is thus recognized that compliance to all requirements in the present document may not be possible at the time the present document is published. However, to foster results of LCAs becoming more transparent and, for the quality of data and
39、 LCA tools to improve over time, the present document is defining the requirements outlined in the following pages. The present document requires that deviation(s) from the requirements are clearly motivated and reported. For further details regarding compliance refer to clause 5.2. The development
40、of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to concerns regarding its environmental impact. Taking into consideration the ongoing efforts within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change b-UNFCCC to combat climate change, ITU-T and ETSI decided to enhance their previ
41、ous work by jointly developing an internationally agreed methodology to help the ICT sector to assess the environmental impact of ICT goods, networks and services. The present document also gives guidance to the assessment of software. Unlike many products and services sold in the world today, ICT d
42、istinguishes itself by its double-edged nature. On the one hand, ICTs have an environmental impact at each stage of its life cycle, e.g. from energy and natural resource consumption to e-waste. On the other hand, ICTs can enable vast efficiencies in lifestyle and in all sectors of the economy by the
43、 provision of digital solutions that can improve energy efficiency, inventory management and business efficiency by reducing travel and transportation, e.g. tele-working and video conferencing and by substituting physical products for digital information, e.g. e-commerce. ETSI ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1
44、 (2015-02) 8These different levels of impact are acknowledged in some academic literature as the three order effects of ICTs: First order effects (or the environmental load of ICTs): the impacts created by the physical existence of ICTs and the processes involved, e.g. energy consumption and GHG emi
45、ssions, e-waste, use of hazardous substances and use of scarce, non-renewable resources. Second order effects (or the environmental load reduction achieved by ICTs): the impacts and opportunities created by the use and application of ICTs. This includes environmental load reduction effects which can
46、 be either actual or potential, such as travel substitution, transportation optimization, working environment changes, use of environmental control systems, use of e-business, e-government, etc. NOTE: E.g. if an ICT service offers a reduced need for transport, the travel substitution replacing trans
47、portation by car is actual - the car does not run - whereas the reduced need for travel by public transport is potential - the plane, train or metro is still running if the timetable has not changed. However, the large scale deployment of video conferencing and tele-working (telecommuting) in the fu
48、ture will likely change lifestyles and impact on social structure and while it is expected to substantially reduce traffic volume, further research is required to assess what the full impact (including rebound effects) will be. Other effects: include the impacts and opportunities created by the aggr
49、egated effects on societal structural changes by using ICTs; particularly include, for some ICT services such as tele-working or video conferencing, the time gained by an end user using an ICT service which then may cause additional impact e.g. a leisurely drive and economic activities, which are difficult to track. Such additional impacts are often defined as “rebound effects“. Most of the benefits of ICTs lie in the second order effects via increased efficiency, transparency, speed of transactions, rapid market-clearing, long-tail effects and so on. There are e
