1、 ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11)Technical Report Human Factors (HF);Access symbols for use with video content and ICT devices;Development and evaluationfloppy3 ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 2 Reference RTR/HF-00106 Keywords access, symbols ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipoli
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6、xtend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2006. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTMand the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered by ETSI for the bene
7、fit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights5 Foreword.5 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 References 6 3 Definitions and abbreviations.7 3.
8、1 Definitions7 3.2 Abbreviations .8 4 Preparatory work8 4.1 Visual symbols .8 4.1.1 General8 4.1.2 Testing methods8 4.1.3 Symbol research10 5 Selection of visual symbols for test11 5.1 Subtitling 12 5.2 Audio Description 13 5.3 Signing .14 5.4 Speech Output 15 5.5 Spoken Command 16 6 Test constructi
9、on 16 6.1 Comprehensibility judgement 16 6.2 Comprehension test 17 7 Presentation of website.17 7.1 General .17 7.2 Comprehensibility Judgement Test 17 7.3 Comprehension Test.19 7.4 Translation19 8 Website construction 19 8.1 General .19 8.2 Changes during testing .21 9 Test results21 10 Analysis of
10、 results 23 11 Symbols in other modalities.24 12 Tactile symbols 24 12.1 Usage24 12.2 Required symbols.24 12.3 Derivation of tactile symbols25 12.4 Tests for tactile symbols.25 12.5 Tactile symbol test results 26 12.6 Comment on the results28 13 Audible versions.28 13.1 Usage28 13.2 Required symbols
11、.29 13.3 Derivation of audible symbols29 13.4 Tests for audible symbols.29 13.5 Audible symbol test results 30 13.6 Comment on the results31 ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 4 Annex A: First selection of symbols32 A.1 “Subtitle“ symbol question.32 Annex B: Tactile testing instructions for judge
12、s .34 Annex C: Auditory testing instructions for judges .36 History 37 ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 5 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is p
13、ublicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the E
14、TSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which ar
15、e, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Human Factors (HF). A Test sounds.zip file containing .mp3 files of the earcons used in the testing is contained in archive tr_102520v010102p0.zip which a
16、ccompanies the present document. Introduction Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB) in UK was having difficulty promoting the audio description service on digital television. The difficulty seemed to be due to a circular problem: few people knew of the service so few people were using it; sin
17、ce so few people were using it, no manufacturers wanted to develop products for it; since no products were available for it, very few people knew about it. Meanwhile, Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) in UK was reporting similar difficulties with subtitles, even though they had been av
18、ailable for 30 years. Similarly, the difficulty was that people were failing to recognize where such services were available and to know how to access them. This same problem applied to a range of access services. An ETSI Standard (ES) has therefore been developed that specifies a family of five sym
19、bols that denote the availability of access services for use with video content and ICT devices that can promote the provision of access services by increasing their take-up as a result of improved recognition of those features being available. The work is intended to assist stakeholders who wish to
20、 provide access services to promote such services in a harmonized way and to assist purchasers with a simple way to identify those products and services that provide access services. The present document describes the background research, symbols development and evaluation undertaken to create the E
21、TSI Standard. ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 6 1 Scope The present document reports the background research, symbols development and evaluation undertaken to create a European Standard (ETSI ES 202 432) 4 on symbols to identify the availability of access services applicable to a range of ICT
22、devices. The access services to be identified were: Subtitling. Audio description. Signing. Speech output. Spoken command. The symbols defined in the final standard will be applicable to all access services, ICT devices and associated media that provide the defined facilities. 2 References For the p
23、urposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. 1 ETSI EG 201 379: “Human factors (HF); Framework for the development, evaluation and select
24、ion of graphical symbols“. 2 ETSI EN 301 462: “Human Factors (HF); Symbols to identify telecommunications facilities for the deaf and hard of hearing people“. 3 ETSI ES 202 076: “Human Factors (HF); User Interfaces; Generic spoken command vocabulary for ICT devices and services“. 4 ETSI ES 202 432:
25、“Human Factors (HF); Access symbols for use with video content and ICT devices“. 5 ETSI ETR 070: “Human Factors (HF); The Multiple Index Approach (MIA) for the evaluation of pictograms“. 6 ETSI ETS 300 375: “Human Factors (HF); Pictograms for point-to-point videotelephony“. 7 ETSI TR 101 041-1: “Hum
26、an Factors (HF); European harmonization of network generated tones; Part 1: A review and recommendations“. 8 IEC 417: “Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Index, survey and compilation of the single sheets“. 9 IEC 60416 (1988): “General principles for the formulation of graphical symbols“. 10 IE
27、C 60417-1 (1988): “Graphical symbols for use on equipment: Part 1: Overview and application“. 11 IEC 80416-1 (2001): “Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment - Part 1: Creation of symbol originals“. 12 ISO 7000 (1989): “Graphical symbols for use on equipment - Index and synopsis“
28、. 13 ISO 7001 (1990): “Public information symbols“. ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 7 14 ISO 80416-4 (2005): “Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment - Part 4: Guidelines for the adaptation of graphical symbols for use on screens and displays (icons)“. 15 ISO 9186 (2001): “
29、Graphical symbols - Test methods for judged comprehensibility and for comprehension“. 16 ISO/IEC 11581-5 (2004): “Information technology - User system interfaces and symbols - Icon symbols and functions - Part 5: Tool icons“. 17 ISO/IEC 13251 (2004): “Collection of graphical symbols for office equip
30、ment“. 18 ISO/IEC Guide 71 (2001): “Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities“. (Equivalent to CEN/CENELEC Guide 6). 19 ISO/IEC Guide 74 (2004): “Graphical symbols - Technical guidelines for the consideration of consumers needs“. 20 ITU-T
31、 Recommendation E.121: “Pictograms, symbols and icons to assist users of the telephone and telefax services“. 21 ITU-T Recommendation F.910: “Procedures for designing, evaluating and selecting symbols, pictograms and icons“. 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the pre
32、sent document, the following terms and definitions apply: audio description: an additional audible narrative, interleaved with the dialogue, which describes the significant aspects of the visual content of audio-visual media MySQL: multithreaded, multi-user, SQL Database Management System PHP langua
33、ge: a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development signing: the use of sign language to convey the significant aspects of the audible content audio-visual media sign language: a language that uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as
34、 the means of communication NOTE: There is no widely accepted international sign language. Many national versions exist together with local “dialects“. speech output: the ability of a device to communicate to its user using spoken language spoken command: the ability of a device to accept and respon
35、d to spoken instructions from a user subtitling: a transcript of the spoken dialogue of audio-visual media, superimposed as text onto the visual element symbol: a graphic device used to convey information NOTE: Symbols, pictograms and icons are all graphic devices used to convey information, either
36、as complementary to or as a replacement for text. The word “symbol“ is sometimes used specifically to refer to abstract representations, the word “pictogram“ to refer specifically to pictorial representations, and the word “icon“ to display screen based graphical devices. In practice these distincti
37、ons are often unclear and so the term symbol is used here generically. ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 8 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: DVD Digital Versatile Disc ICT Information and Communication Technology MIA Multiple Index App
38、roach PHP PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor SQL Structured Query Language4 Preparatory work 4.1 Visual symbols 4.1.1 General The symbols to be developed were intended to identify the availability of access services applicable to a range of ICT devices. The access services to be identified were: Subtitling
39、; Audio description; Signing; Speech output; Spoken command. In the original documentation, speech output and spoken command were referred to as voice output and vocal command but their titles were changed so as to be consistent with ES 202 076 3, the ETSI standard on generic spoken commands. Early
40、in the project it was decided that the symbols should be developed generally in accordance with the guidance set out in EG 201 379 1 and any new symbols were to be created in accordance with ISO/IEC Guide 74 19 and with IEC 80416-1 11 (which superseded IEC 60416 9). Note was taken both of ISO/IEC Gu
41、ide 71 18 so as to address the needs of older and disabled people and of the advice in ITU-T Recommendation F.910 21. 4.1.2 Testing methods The normally preferred ETSI test for symbols is ETR 070 5 which describes seven multiple indices to evaluate a pictogram. They are: 1 The hit rate 2 The false a
42、larm rate 3 Missing values 4 Subjective certainty5 Subjectiv suitability 6 Pictogram preference 7 Pictogram set preference. In the international field, ISO 9186 15 describes test methods for symbols. The methods of carrying out the tests are different from those of ETR 070 5 as are the scoring and e
43、valuation schemes. As it was required to provide symbols that would be acceptable for adoption and registration by the international standards community, it was decided that testing should be carried out in accordance with ISO 9186 15 but it was considered that the testing could be used to generate
44、information that would meet the Multiple Index Approach (MIA) set out in ETR 070 5. ETSI ETSI TR 102 520 V1.1.2 (2006-11) 9 At the time when the work was carried out, ISO 9186 15 was under revision. The version that was used was the published version that provides test methods for judged comprehensi
45、bility and for comprehension. The test of comprehensibility asks a respondent to estimate the percentage of the population likely to be able to understand the meaning of a symbol. When there are three or fewer variants of a symbol under test, or where the results of the comprehensibility test are in
46、conclusive the comprehension test is to be performed by asking a different set of respondents to write their own description of the meaning of each candidate symbol. In order to provide information that was able to satisfy most of the requirements of ETR 070 5 and also to guard against the possibili
47、ty of an indeterminate result from the judged comprehensibility test, it was decided to perform both tests of ISO 9186 15 in parallel. In the ISO 9186 15 comprehensibility judgement test it was decided to ask the subject to give a score out of 10 for each symbol as such a score was considered to be
48、easier to comprehend than percentage. The score for comprehensibility judgement could be considered to indicate a parameter similar to the Subjective suitability (5) for ETR 070 5. The highest score achieved in this test provides an answer similar to the Pictogram preference (6) for ETR 070 5. In th
49、e ISO 9186 15 comprehension test the subject is asked to describe the meaning of the symbol. Judges subsequently assigned a category to each answer as follows; - 1 = Correct understanding of the symbol is certain - 2 = Correct understanding of the symbol is very probable - 3 = Correct understanding of the symbol is probable - 4 = The meaning which is understood is opposite of intention - 5 = Any other response - 6 = The response given is “Dont know“ - 7 = No response is given
