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5、572013 4 6 6.1 , , . , . 6.2 6.2.1 , (. 4.6) , , (. 4.2) , , . () , , 2 , . 6.2.2 (. 4.3) , . 6.2.3 (40 10) / , . , , . ( ) ( ) . 6.2.4 , . , , , 0,5 . , d (. 7.1). 6.2.5 , , . , , . 6.2.6 , . , , . , (, , ). , , , , , , , . 7 7.1 h, /, 0,1 /, : h = F/d 4, (1) F , , ; d , . , 4 , . , , . 199572008 5 7.2