1、IES G-1-16Guide for Security Lighting for People, Property, and Critical InfrastructureIES G-1-16Security Lighting for People, Property, and Critical InfrastructurePublication of this Guidehas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepared by:The IES Security Lighti
2、ng CommitteeCopyright 2016 by the Illuminating Engineering Society.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, December 12, 2016, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or
3、 otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and
4、accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to the Director of Standards and Research, bliebelies.org, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-341-6DI
5、SCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES admin
6、isters the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages o
7、f any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on
8、behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of re
9、asonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statem
10、ent of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.Prepared by the Security Lighting Committee, and Sub-Committee on Relationship Between Lighting Figure 1 shows its Figure 1. Eleme
11、nts of an incandescent lamp. (Image Illuminating Engineering Society, IES)3IES G-1-16determined that security is an issue and is an important determining factor in the design or retrofit of a given property.2.1 An Important TermThroughout this Guide, the phrase when security is an issue is used to d
12、ifferentiate the lighting design suggestions presented here from those contained in other IES publications. While these other publications may refer to security, in this Guide, security is the primary issue.When security is an issue, not only lighting but also other measures and system components de
13、serve consideration and integration into the final design. Likewise, when security is an issue, there may be instances when other security measures are enhanced but lighting is not a primary consideration due to site location and usage. The primary purpose of this publication is to help users unders
14、tand when security is an issue and provide guidelines for the design and implementation of appropriate security lighting for the private and public sector.There is a distinction made in this document between security lighting and lighting for safety. Security lighting is intended to protect people,
15、property, and vital infrastructure from criminal and terroristic activities. Lighting for safety is intended to provide secure working conditions, secure passage, and identification of hazards or obstructions. This document addresses security illumination but does not give advice on technical constr
16、uction practices. The objective is to provide guidance for designing security lighting systems for new facilities and for evaluation and retrofitting of existing facilities and systems in response to known or perceived threats. This publication is for the use of property owners and managers, crime p
17、revention specialists, law enforcement and security professionals, risk managers, lighting specifiers, contractors, homeowners, and those responsible for the protection of critical infrastructure who are concerned about security and the detection and prevention of crime and terrorism.2.2 What is Cri
18、me?The classical definition of crime10used in common law involves violations of established written criminal statutes published by a government. (For more information on crime, categories of crime, and foreseeability of crime, refer to Annex C.)In this Guide, crime, its prevention, and the applicati
19、on of lighting to help in the efforts to minimize criminal activity are considered in a less technical manner components), night movement of people increased rapidly in public spaces.Experimentation and wide use of night security and safety lighting has since expanded throughout most of the world wh
20、ere sources of electrical energy are readily available. The search for improved and cost effective delivery methods continues. These newer delivery methods will be discussed later.The US Military and national security agencies throughout the world have long recognized the critical importance of secu
21、rity lighting to aid in the protection of their citizens, critical installations, and infrastructure.60During both World Wars, security and light discipline applications expanded rapidly. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the number and type of facilities considered critical and rec
22、eiving upgrades in security lighting have expanded to include such heretofore-ignored elements as bridges, tunnels, communications hubs, transportation transfer points, and international borders. The IES continues to play an important role in our knowledge and application of security lighting.Althou
23、gh there are many research studies showing inconsistent results on the benefits of improved nighttime lighting, one seminal study was conducted in Stoke-on-Trent, England, in 1999.61Three areas of housing were selected: the experimental area, where the lighting was improved; the designated “adjacent
24、” area; and the control area, which served as the baseline against which any changes in crime could be monitored. The lighting in the adjacent and control areas remained unchanged. One aspect of the study was to see whether improved lighting in one area might lead to similar benefits of crime reduct
25、ion in the adjacent area. There was a marked reduction in the prevalence of crimes, including theft and vandalism, vehicle crime, and personal crime, in the experimental area after relighting. There was no significant change in the adjacent or control areas. A similar study in the town of Dudley, En
26、gland,62 showed that the level of delinquency decreased more in the relighted area than in the control area.This publication includes specific sections dealing with critical infrastructure19and homeland security.20In addition, we have incorporated many of the lessons learned and applied by these age
27、ncies throughout.2.0 SCOPE AND PURPOSEThis document is intended to provide specific guidelines for situations where it has been 4IES G-1-16 Complement or enable other security devices Through fear of detection, deter persons from committing crimes or terroristic acts Aid in the apprehension of crimi
28、nals, combatants, and terroristic suspects2.3 Measurements and Criteria Used in This GuideThe primary measurement references throughout this publication use Systme International (SI, or metric) units, with United States Customary System (USCS, formerly called English or Imperial) equivalent units im
29、mediately following in parentheses. For example, 1.5 meters and its USCS equivalent of 5 feet are displayed as 1.5 m (5.0 ft), while 108 lux and its footcandle equivalent are displayed as 108 lx (10 fc). These and other conversions are rounded to the nearest one-tenth and are approximate, but are co
30、nsidered sufficiently accurate in this context. For more detailed and accurate definitions, refer to ANSI/ IES RP-16-10, Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering, and The Lighting Handbook, 10thed. (IES 2011). (Note: The Lighting Handbook, 10thed., states that a lux-footcandle conve
31、rsion of 10 lux to 1 footcandle is acceptable unless specifically noted otherwise. In this Guide, the conversion used is 10.76 lux = 1 footcandle.)3.0 UNDERSTANDING “WHEN SECURITY IS AN ISSUE”In considering whether to implement the recommendations in this Guide, it is important to recognize that sec
32、urity is not always a particular concern for the lighting design. Not all properties, centers of activity, or gathering places require special consideration or enhanced security. It is not acceptable to merely say or accept without reason that . . . security is always an issue. Rather, it is critica
33、l for those responsible for risk management and crime prevention to perform due diligence11to determine what the actual risk is and plan countermeasures accordingly. Clarification and tools for performing due diligence are provided throughout this document. Law enforcement, security staff, designers
34、, management professionals, and facility owners should consider security an issue when one or more of the following conditions exist or can be expected to exist: The persons and/or property being secured present a desirable target to would-be criminals or terrorists.to increase the documents accessi
35、bility. Lighting designers, architects and other professionals may also wish to consult more-technical design publications as to how these guidelines can best be implemented. Each site will of course present its own challenges, and the IES offers a wide range of technical support tools to assist in
36、these inquiries.This publication contains material useful in determining when crime is an issue for a facility and therefore in need of specific security lighting consideration. It also provides discussion of basic security principles; crime prevention concepts; light level criteria for a variety of
37、 applications; a protocol for evaluating current lighting levels; a security survey and crime search methodology; and other recommendations. Suggestions are given for exterior and interior security lighting practices for the reasonable protection of persons and property. This document encourages the
38、 concept of best security practice, which also takes into account the following design issues for lighting: Economics, including installation, maintenance, and lifecycle costs Energy conservation and minimizing maintenance requirements Environmental issues such as light pollution, light trespass, an
39、d the adverse effects of light on animals and plants Local community needs, practices, and standards Protection of national critical infrastructure and key resourcesMinimum guidelines for the secure movement of persons and equipment and for performing specific tasks can be found in other IES publica
40、tions.Security lighting, as part of a well-balanced security plan, should have the following objectives: Facilitate the visual ability of those performing security or enforcement functions Provide a clear view of an area from a distance, and enable anyone moving in or immediately around it to be eas
41、ily seen and recognized Remove potential hiding places Permit facial identification at a distance of at least 9.1 m (30 ft), and create the perception that those in the area are identifiable5IES G-1-16 Are there adequate post orders job descriptions for those tasked with carrying out security respon
42、sibilities and duties? Are policies and procedures for protection of assets up to date, and do these documents address relevant issues? Have tenants or those who occupy or use the space been advised of the potential threat level or hazard? Have tenants or those who occupy or use the space been advis
43、ed of methods of deterrence and proper actions to take in the event of an incident? Have public and private law enforcement agencies been notified of the condition, and did this notification include a request for assistance or additional services? Has a security assessment, survey, or Crime Preventi
44、on Through Environmental Design (CPTED)12review been performed or updated since it was determined that security is an issue? Do changes in procedures, staffing levels, and/or security elements need to be addressed? Do illumination systems, light levels, uniformity ratios, glare control, and maintena
45、nce schedules meet recommended practices, standards, and code requirements?If there is a history of violence against persons on a property, then it is likely that crime of a similar nature will occur in the future, given the same circumstances. If a property has a history of incidents such as car th
46、efts, gang graffiti, abandoned cars, vandalism, damaged fences, or broken light fixtures or windows, a reasonable person could conclude that the site is not secure, and those responsible need to take action. Likewise, ongoing complaints from users of the property, changing conditions, or the introdu
47、ction of a high-risk business into the area, may either indicate or elevate the risk of crime and could pose a threat to both property and persons. Of particular concern are high-risk businesses where the controller of the property has determined through research, prior events, or the nature of the
48、business that users of the space are at increased risk after hours. The security professional and/or lighting designer should take note of this and plan accordingly. (See Section 4.7 Risk Management and Quality Assurance for more-detailed information.) There are especially vulnerable members of soci
49、ety on the property, such as high-profile leaders, the elderly, children, or the physically or mentally challenged. The property is a critical security or defense infrastructure, such as key government facilities, bridges, airports, checkpoints, and border installations, as determined by emergency planners. The property has a history of relevant crime or significant increases in relevant crime. Relevant crime in the surrounding area is high in comparison with other adjoining neighborhoods. Results of a physical security survey or threat analysis indicate a mean
