1、IES LM-71-14Approved Guide: Photometric Measurement of Tunnel Lighting InstallationsIES LM-71-14IES Approved Guide:Photometric Measurement ofTunnel Lighting InstallationsPrepared by:The Subcommittee onPhotometry of Outdoor LuminairesIES LM-71-14Copyright 2015 by the Illuminating Engineering Society
2、of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, October 16, 2014, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written
3、permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any
4、errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. ISBN # 978-0-87995-307-2Printed in the United States of America.DISCLAIMERIES publications are devel
5、oped through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes
6、 policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether
7、special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. No
8、r is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circums
9、tances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the require
10、ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES LM-71-14Prepared by the Subcommittee on Photometry of Outdoor Luminaires of the IES Testing Procedures CommitteeGary Steinberg, Sub-ChairC. Cameron Miller, Liai
11、sonIES Testing Procedures CommitteeC. Cameron Miller, ChairB. Kuebler, Vice ChairD. Ellis, SecretaryK. Broughton*D. Chan*C. GalberthM. GratherR. Heinisch*R. HoranB. Hou*D. Husby*H. Kashani*T. Kawabata*R. KelleyT. Y. Koo*L. Leetzow*J. Leland*E. Morel*D. Nava*W. NewlandM. Piscitelli*J. Schutz*R. Speck
12、*L. Stafford*T. Uchida*M.-A. Vachon*C. AndersenL. Ayers*A. Baker*P. Behnke*R. BergerR. Bergin*R. BergmanJ. C.Blacker*C. Bloomfield*E. BretschneiderK. Broughton*E. Carter*D. Chan*P.-T. Chou*G. Connelly*J. Dakin*R. Daubach*L. Davis*J. Demirjian*P. Elizondo*D. Ellis*P. Franck*M. GratherY. Guan*K. Harag
13、uchi*R. Heinisch*K. Hemmi*T. Henning*T. Hernandez*R. Higley*R. Horan*J. HospodarskyS. Hua*J. HulettP-C. HungD. Husby*A. JacksonD. Jenkins*J. JiaoD. Karambelas*H. Kashani*T. Kawabata*R. Kelley*T. Y. Koo*M. KotrebaiJ. Lawton*J. Lee*L. Leetzow*J. Leland*K. Lerbs*R. Levin*I. Lewin*R. Li*K. Liepmann*S. L
14、ongoR. Low*M.-H. Lu*J. MarellaP. McCarthyG. McKeeF.-X. Morin*M. Nadal*D. Nava*B. Neale*Y. Ohno*J. Pan*D. Park*N. Peimanovic*E. Perkins*M. Piscitelli*G. Plank*E. RadkovD. Randolph*C. Richards*E. Richman*K. Rong*M. SapcoeJ. SchutzA. Serres*A. SmithR. Speck*L. Stafford*G. SteinbergR. TuttleT. Uchida*K.
15、 Wagner*J. Walker*H. Waugh*D. Weiss*J. Welch*K. Wilcox*B. Willcock*V. Wu*J. YonR. Young*J. Zhang* Advisory* Honorary MemberIES LM-71-14IES LM-71-14Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you have purchased this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstore.Con
16、tentsIntroduction.11.0 Scope .12.0 Normative References .13.0 Conditions of Test .13.1 General13.2 New Installations .13.3 Existing Installations 13.4 Electrical Conditions 13.5 Extraneous Light .24.0 Measurement Equipment .24.1 General24.2 Photometric Instruments .24.2.1 Luminance Meters24.2.2 Illu
17、minance Meters .24.3 Electrical Instruments .25.0 Test Procedures.35.1 Measurement Locations35.1.1 Straight Tunnel Roadway 35.1.2 Curved Tunnel Roadway.35.1.3 Wall .45.2 Photometric Measurements.45.2.1 Illuminance Tunnel Roadway and Wall 45.2.2. Road Surface Measurements Luminance 45.2.2.1 Measureme
18、nt Procedure45.2.2.2 Meter Position .46.0 Test Report .5Annex A Alternative Measurement Methods 6IES LM-71-141IES LM-71-14INTRODUCTIONThis approved Lighting Measurement (LM) guide is an update of IES LM-71-2001. The guide has been updated to complement the requirements of ANSI/IES RP-22-2011, Americ
19、an National Standard Practice for Tunnel Lighting. Included in this guide are specific luminance and illuminance measure-ment methods applied to tunnels and the location of test points for these measurements. This guide was reviewed by both the IES Testing Procedures Committee and the Tunnel Lightin
20、g Subcommittee of the IES Roadway Lighting Committee.1.0 SCOPEThis LM guide defines adequate and uniform proce-dures for measuring and reporting the photometric characteristics of tunnel lighting installations. The measurement of those factors that determine the performance of tunnel lighting instal
21、lations are spe-cifically related to ANSI/IES RP-22-11.2.0 NORMATIVE REFERENCESIES Roadway Lighting Committee, American National Standard Institute Practice for Tunnel Lighting, ANSI/IES RP-22-2011, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2011.IES Testing Procedures Committee, I
22、ES Guide to Lamp Seasoning, IES LM-54-2012, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2012.3.0 CONDITIONS OF TEST3.1 GeneralThe results of field photometry are subject to greater variability than laboratory measurements because of diverse test environments. For this reason all exi
23、sting conditions at the time of the test, such as supply voltage, lamp wattage, lamp operating posi-tion, atmospheric conditions, mounting height, tilt, or any other factors that might affect the results shall be recorded.3.2 New InstallationsIt shall be ascertained that luminaires are clean and tha
24、t the lamps are new and seasoned in accordance with IES LM-54-12, IES Guide to Lamp Seasoning.3.3 Existing InstallationsWhen the tests are used to check lighting system per-formance after in-service depreciation, the conditions of lamps, luminaires, and tunnel surfaces shall be recorded. If performa
25、nce improvement due to cleaning and maintenance is to be determined, measurements shall be made with existing lamps, both before and after cleaning. If the installation is being re-lamped an additional set of measurements shall be made after the new lamps are installed and seasoned. The condition of
26、 tunnel surfaces can have a significant effect on luminance values. Dirt not only reduces wall reflectance, but can have a great effect on directional properties of the light reflected from tile surfaces.3.4 Electrical ConditionsBecause electrical circuit operating conditions influ-ence lamp luminou
27、s flux, it is necessary to precisely know these system conditions at the luminaires when the photometric measurements are conduct-ed. For LED luminaires, measurement of the lumi-naire input voltage, current and power should suf-fice. For discharge lamps, measurements of current, voltage, and wattage
28、 should be made at individual lamp sockets, if possible, to determine if the lamps are operating in accordance with rated circuit condi-tions. Periodic measurements of the line voltage to the ballast will generally suffice for monitoring purposes after the initial operating conditions are establishe
29、d. Discharge lamps shall be operated for at least 60 minutes prior to making measurements in order to reach normal operating conditions. For LED luminaires, the manufacturer should be consulted for recommendations on an appropriate stabilization time. When such recommendations are not avail-able, th
30、e luminaires shall be operated for at least 120 minutes prior to making measurements. SAFETY CAUTION: Only technicians familiar with electrical systems shall make voltage mea-surements. Only persons with experience using test equipment under high voltage conditions shall make measurements of electri
31、cal condi-tions at the lamp. The high-voltage starting puls-es for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and Metal Halide (MH) lamps (up to 5,000 volts), present a serious shock hazard. Proper precautions shall also be taken to protect the test instruments from high-voltage starting pulses. 2IES LM-71-143.5 Ex
32、traneous LightTests shall be made when the atmosphere is clear and when extraneous light is at a minimum. Care should be taken so that personnel do not block light from the luminaires or cast shadows on the measur-ing instrument receptor. Likewise, care should be taken to avoid creating reflections
33、from equipment and light colored clothing that affect the measure-ments. The avoidance of shadows and exclusion of extraneous light requires alertness on the part of the test personnel.4.0 MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT4.1 GeneralTest equipment should be portable and exhibit mea-surement repeatability at any
34、 point on its readout scale. The unit shall have been calibrated within the manufacturers recommended schedule, typically within 12 months of use. Lighted displays or reading hold buttons should be used to ensure proper read-ing of measurements. 4.2 Photometric instruments:The spectral response of t
35、he photometric system shall closely approximate the spectral luminous effi-ciency curve, V(), for the CIE standard photometric observer. Instruments with silicon photodetectors are recommended because of their low noise and tem-perature sensitivity, excellent stability and linearity, fast response a
36、nd high sensitivity. A typical photo-metric detector is comprised of a silicon photodiode, a V()-correction filter, and a precision aperture. Photometric instruments shall be used within the limits of their rated output to avoid errors due to nonlinearity as the photocurrent approaches satura-tion.
37、The instrument should be operated within the manufacturers recommended temperature param-eters. If field conditions outside of these temperature parameters are encountered, a correction should be applied to the readings as recommended by the instrument manufacturer.The degree to which a photometric
38、detectors spec-tral response approximates V() is described by the parameter f1. In general, the f1 parameter compares the area under a detectors spectral responsivity curve to the area under the V() responsivity curve, when weighted by the spectral distribution of stan-dard illuminant A. A photodete
39、ctors f1 value makes no guarantee about the differences in spectral responsivity in narrow spectral regions. In general, an f1 of 5% is considered acceptable for photom-etry measurement of smooth broadband spectra. Photometric measurement of narrowband spectra, such as produced by LED and HID lumina
40、ires, and fluorescent lamps with narrowband phosphors, can be susceptible to measurement error related to the spectral response of the photodetector. In order to minimize the uncertainty in the characterization of a tunnel lighting system, the spectral properties of the source and the spectral respo
41、nsivity of the photometric instruments should be evaluated to ensure that the desired measurement uncertainty is achieved. The calibration records for the photometric instru-ments should include the spectral response values of the detector from 380 to 780 nm, in increments no greater than 5 nm. Cali
42、bration documentation should also include the f1 value.4.2.1 Luminance meters The field of view (FOV) should be small in order to resolve differences that are important for the determination of uniformity. The acceptance angle shall be a conical solid angle of a minimum of 2 minutes (2) but not more
43、 than 20 min-utes (20) of arc. The instrument should be sensitive to measuring luminances of about 0.1 cd/m2(0.01 cd/ft2). 4.2.2 Illuminance meters The field of view shall be cosine corrected with an 2 3% and capable of measuring a minimum illuminance value of 0.01 lux (0.001 fc). It is recommended
44、the illuminance meter have a removable cell receptor to allow remote measurements, which make it easier to control for shadows and stray light. 4.3 Electrical instrumentsElectrical parameters (e.g., voltage, amperage, and wattage) should be measured with instruments hav-ing a traceable calibration t
45、hrough a national metro-logical institute (NMI). The instrument measurement toleranceof AC voltage and current should be 0.5 percent. The instrument measurement tolerance of AC power should be 1.0 percent. Instrument measurement ranges should be selected so that the mid-to-maximum portion of the ran
46、ge is used for any specific measurement. Since gaseous discharge lamps may have distorted wave shapes, AC instru-ments (voltage, amperage, and wattage) should Expanded uncertainty with a 95 % confidence interval, normally with a coverage factor k=2, as prescribed in JCGM 100:2008 Evaluation of measu
47、rement data - Guide to Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and ANSI/NCSL Z540-2-1997 U.S. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. If man-ufacturers specification does not specify uncertainty this way, then manufacturers should be contacted for proper conversion.3IES LM-71-14measu
48、re true RMS values. Instruments with scales calibrated in RMS values but with deflections or readings based upon average or peak values should not be used. If analog instruments are used, the selected measurement range should ensure large-scale deflections for the resulting measurements.The electric
49、al instruments should be chosen accord-ing to the guidelines and precautions presented in IES-LM-28-12 Approved Method: IES Guide for the Selection, Care, and Use of Electrical Instruments in the Photometric Laboratory.1Note that most elec-tronic ballasts provide a high frequency lamp current (typically greater than 20,000 Hz). Care should be taken that possible conducted or radiated electro-magnetic interference (EMI) from this type of ballast does not cause reading errors. High frequency wire runs should be as short as possible and, if neces-sary, shiel
