1、IES RP-33-14Lighting for Exterior EnvironmentsIES RP-33-14Lighting for Exterior EnvironmentsPublication of this Recommended Practicehas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepared by:The IES Outdoor Environmental Lighting CommitteeIES RP-33-14Copyright 2014 by th
2、e Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, July 30, 2014, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or o
3、therwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is give
4、n to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please for-ward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-301-0DIS
5、CLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES admin
6、isters the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages
7、of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or o
8、n behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exercise of
9、 reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or sta
10、tement of compliance with the require-ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES RP-33-14Prepared by:The Outdoor Environmental Lighting Committee of theIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaIE
11、S Outdoor Environmental Lighting CommitteeNancy Clanton, ChairPaul Ericson, Vice ChairC. Stanley Stubbe, SecretaryD. Baum*E. Bretschneider*H. Cai*T. Connors*J. Costello*S. Coyle*D. CrawfordM. DeJongC. Dibley*R. Farrar*E. Gibson*D. Grandin*D. Grimm*M. HartleyJ. Havard*R. HendersonJ. Highgate*E. Hisel
12、-McCoy*P. IannaT. Jackson*S. Kardel*B. KeiltK. Keilt*N. Kochar*K. Koerner*M. Lane*S. Machhiwala*T. McGowanD. McLeanS. Mende*J. MickelG. OrttD. PaulinM. PfefferleP. Phillips*B. Renouf*N. RockeyD. Rowell*D. Rubin*J. Sales*G. SchaeferN. Schriver*M. Schuyler*L. Smith*R. Snow*S. Spitulski*S. Stashik*J. S
13、tockmanL. Waldron*R. Waters*G. Widman*R. Wilson*G. WoodallM. Zukerman*AdvisoryCover Image: City of Los Angeles Bureau of Street LightingLeft Image - Night View from Mt. Wilson - 1988Right Image - Night View from Mt. Wilson - 2012IES RP-33-14IES RP-33-14Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you pur
14、chase this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContents1.0 Introduction and Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview 22.0 Outdoor Lighting Design Considerations .22.1 Where, When and How To Light32.2 Environmental and Health Considerations.32.2.1 Effe
15、cts of Exterior Lighting on Human Health .32.2.2 Animals.42.2.3 Plants 52.3 Human Vision Factors52.3.1 Glare.52.3.2 Luminance 62.3.3 Visual Acuity.62.3.4 Visual Adaptation .62.3.5 Spectral Distribution and Color Rendering72.3.6 Illuminance 72.3.6.1 Illuminance Target Value System 82.3.6.1.1 Recommen
16、ded illuminances at design time .82.3.6.1.2 Recommended illuminances at occupancy time82.3.6.1.3 Localized tasks .82.3.6.1.4 Area tasks .82.3.6.1.5 Tasks at uncertain locations over a large area .82.3.6.1.6 Multiple tasks 82.3.6.1.7 Visual age of occupants 92.3.6.1.8 Illuminance ratios in large area
17、s 92.3.6.1.9 Target Light Levels 92.3.6.1.10 Application Design Illuminance Recommendations Introduction92.4 Dealing With Stray Light.202.4.1 Light Pollution.212.4.2 Light Trespass 222.5 Lighting Zones 232.5.1 Lighting Zone Definitions 242.5.2 How to Use Lighting Zones 263.0 Developing a Lighting Or
18、dinance .273.1 Getting Started 283.2 Model Lighting Ordinance Details.283.2.1 Purpose, Intent, and Preamble .283.2.2 General Regulations for All Outdoor Lighting.283.2.3 Establish Lighting Zones 283.2.4 Establish Curfews283.2.5 Specific Regulations for Non-Residential Outdoor Lighting 293.2.6 Specif
19、ic Regulations for Residential Lighting.303.2.7 Lighting By Special Permit Only.303.3 Approval Requirements .30IES RP-33-144.0 Community Responsive Design.314.1 Determine Community Lighting Goals .314.2 Determine a Community Theme 324.3 Develop a “Family” Of Luminaires 334.4 Consider How Luminance R
20、atios Impact Visibility .344.5 Determine How Luminaire and Sign Luminance Affects Perceptions of The Environment 344.6 Safety and Security Lighting .354.6.1 Safety Lighting 354.6.2 Security Lighting.364.7 Provide Design Guidelines.365.0 Exterior Features .375.1 Facades and Structure Lighting 375.2 H
21、ardscape Lighting.385.3 Softscape Lighting .386.0 Roadway and Street Lighting .407.0 Walkway and Bikeway Lighting .408.0 Pedestrian Mall and Plaza Lighting 409.0 Parking Lot Lighting 419.1 Automobile Dealership Lighting 419.2 Service Station Lighting.4110.0 Outdoor Sports Lighting.4211.0 Outdoor Ret
22、ail Lighting4211.1 Automobile Dealership Lighting 4311.2 Service Station Lighting.4312.0 Specialty Lighting 4213.0 Selecting Light Source Systems 4213.1 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability 4313.1.1 Light Source System Selection .4313.1.2 Controls .4313.2 Maintenance Issues 43Annex A Glossary of Ter
23、ms .44Annex B Luminaire Classification46References 471IES RP-33-141.0 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW1.1 IntroductionLighting for the outdoor environment is different from lighting for an interior space. The natural cycle for light is to arrive from the sun and sky during the day, and from the stars and m
24、oon at night, with gradual changes between dark and light.1However, man-made lighting has changed that natural cycle in numerous ways. While recognizing the many ben-efits of electric lighting for seeing tasks, safety and security, it is important to also recognize some of the secondary effects: Ele
25、ctric lights cannot light the sky as the sun does, therefore the nighttime “ceiling” is typically relatively dark, resulting in higher contrasts compared with any light or lighted surface. The duration of lighting has increased; in some areas there is never any real darkness, which might have a prof
26、ound impact on natural cycles. Too much light and/or certain wavelengths at night can affect peoples sleep and circadian cycle. Plants and nocturnal animals can be adversely affected as well. Non shielded outdoor lighting can be observed at great distances; nighttime visual clutter can be aesthetica
27、lly disruptive. The eye works differently at low light levels than at high light levels. Once eyes have adapted to low light levels, they are very sensitive to white light and will lose their low-level adaptation almost immediately. Adaptation effects have implications for both safety and comfort. T
28、otal dark adaptation takes about 30 minutes to be complete, whereas light adaptation happens very quickly, usually in less than a minute. People experience different emotions related to the night environment. The quality of lighting affects how people feel while viewing dramatic scenery, enjoying an
29、 evening of quiet relaxation, being spectators at sporting events and outdoor entertainment venues, and moving with security and confidence through a nighttime environment. Nighttime tasks, such as playing sports or driving automobiles, have very specific lighting requirements so people can perform
30、these tasks safely and precisely. More light is not always better light for these purposes.When the need for darkness conflicts with others desire or need for light, the control of light becomes an issue to be governed by the use of ordinances and bylaws. Good lighting design finds a work-able balan
31、ce between the goal of nighttime use of the environment and constraints imposed by fac-tors such as health, aesthetics, and environmental concerns. This Recommended Practice will provide guidance in finding that balance.The environmental effects of lighting should also be considered. While these iss
32、ues are addressed in more detail in other publications (see IES TM-18-08 Light and Human Health2)some of them affect deci-sions about the spectral distribution of outdoor light-ing. Light pollution is also a sustainability issue since it affects the use of energy, enjoyment of the natural nighttime
33、sky, and may have a relationship to cer-tain biodiversity issues (see IES DG-22 Sustainable Lighting: An Introduction to the Environmental Impacts of Lighting3). These concerns include: The addition of any electric light into the nocturnal environment that might have negative environmental consequen
34、ces.Figure 1: Faade lighting aimed down also illuminates the sidewalk. Roosevelt Place, Longmont CO (Image courtesy of N. Clanton).2IES RP-33-14 Short-wavelength light, because of greater atmospheric scattering, disproportionately increases sky glow. Aggregation of short wavelength outdoor light sou
35、rces can degrade night sky quality. Light pollution near observatories can have severe negative effects on astronomical research.1.2 OverviewThe intent of this Recommended Practice is to address the design issues related to outdoor light-ing. It also outlines the environmental considerations of outd
36、oor lighting especially related to sky glow and light trespass. In addition, this RP provides informa-tion on how to assign lighting zones, and how to use the Joint IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO) and Users Guide, as a basis for an outdoor lighting ordinance.4Finally, this RP discusses commun
37、ity based design, and specific recommendations for lighting outdoor areas. A number of other IES recommended practices (RPs) and the IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition5,provide design guidelines for specific outdoor light-ing applications. This document is not intended to supersede those RPs or the
38、 IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition. Rather, it will link the various docu-ments together, augmenting them in subject areas not otherwise covered. This document will also aid in establishing community themes and lighting zone classifications. Where conflicting uses and desires for the nighttime env
39、ironment arise, the parties involved should work together to resolve the issues by review-ing all of the relevant criteria to reach a consensus about which criteria will guide the final resolution.2.0 OUTDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSWhen approaching any lighting project, the first deci-sion th
40、at should be resolved is what type of lighting is necessary and appropriate. After the basic require-ments are satisfied then any supplemental or deco-rative lighting may be considered. The prime concern should be to satisfy requirements for outdoor lighting that will: Permit reasonable uses of outd
41、oor lighting for night-time safety, utility, security, productivity, enjoyment, and commerce Conserve energy and resources to the greatest extent possible Minimize adverse offsite impacts including glare and obtrusive light Help protect the natural environment from the adverse effects of night light
42、ing from electric sources Help preserve the dark night sky for astronomy and enjoymentFigure 2: Architectural feature illustrating textural lighting from top downwards. Municipal Building, City of Boulder, CO. (Image courtesy of N. Clanton)3IES RP-33-142.1 Where, When and How to LightThe decision wh
43、en not to light involves matters of safety and security, community expectations for the nighttime appearance, environmental impact on plants and wildlife, and impact on peoples circadian cycle while sleeping. Energy costs and continuing operation costs are also relevant issues. Lighting Zones (refer
44、 to Section 2.5) can guide decisions on the need for nighttime lighting. Decisions about where, when, and how much light to use will neces-sarily be site-specific, but the rule of thumb should be to provide the minimum necessary. Properly designed lighting does not over-light. Electric lighting is a
45、pplied on a continuum from nature preserves with no man-made lights to a lively all-night entertainment district. If a project is in an environmentally sensitive area, such as a wilderness preserve, the question may include a straight-forward requirement to have the light-ing make no adverse impact
46、on the surroundings. Users entering such areas have few expectations for modern conveniences and may be more willing to take responsibility for their own actions. Difficult access may also restrict the numbers of people in such areas and may limit the user group to those who share a similar respect
47、for nature and for other people and their property. Remote locations may also make installation of lighting equipment and the required support infrastructure difficult to install and expensive to maintain. Limited nighttime lighting can also be used to constrain areas of anticipated use. In large pa
48、rks, lighting only certain pedestrian paths and bikeways allows for some use and circulation but secondary paths and areas surrounding primary paths can be left dark. Lower light levels can minimize glare and still provide good uniformity.Using lighting controls provides the flexibility to reduce or
49、 extinguish the lighting during times when people are less likely to be present. Local regula-tions may specify curfews that require lighting to be reduced after close of business or other set times. Light pollution is of special concern to astronomical observatories, and the negative effects of outdoor lighting on astronomical observations are well docu-mented and cover wide areas. Most of the major observatories in the United States, for example Palomar and the Kitt Peak Observatory (KPNO), are affected to a degree that observations of faint objects are signif
