1、Manual on Chemical PollutionSection 2: Search and Recovery ofPackaged Goods Lost at Sea2007 EDITIONELECTRONIC EDITIONBINTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONLondon, 2007Published in 2007by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SRPrinted by Polestar Wheatons Ltd, Exeter135
2、798642ISBN 978-92-801-4222-8IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: IA633ECopyright # International Maritime Organization 2007All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any formor by any means without prior permission in writingfrom the Inte
3、rnational Maritime Organization.Photographs by courtesy of:Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental WaterPollution (CEDRE), FranceCounter Pollution and Response, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, UnitedKingdomE. Amato, ICRAM (Central Institute for Applied Marine Research), I
4、talyInternational Tanker Owners Federation (ITOPF), United KingdomMaritime New Zealand, New ZealandTransport Canada Aerial Surveillance ProgramRijkswaterstaat, North Sea Directorate, NetherlandsPrint edition (ISBN 978-92-801-4222-8)Published in 2007by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION4 Albert
5、Embankment, London SE1 7SRElectronic edition, 2007IMO PUBLICATIONSales number: EA633ECopyright # InternationalMaritimeOrganization2007All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any formor by any means without prior permission in w
6、ritingfrom the International Maritime Organization.Photographs by courtesy of:Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental WaterPollution (CEDRE), FranceCounter Pollution and Response, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, UnitedKingdomE. Amato, ICRAM (Central Institute for Applied
7、Marine Research), ItalyInternational Tanker Owners Federation (ITOPF), United KingdomMaritime New Zealand, New ZealandTransport Canada Aerial Surveillance ProgramRijkswaterstaat, North Sea Directorate, NetherlandsPrefaceThe Manual on Chemical Pollution currently has two sections. Section 1,Problem A
8、ssessment and Response Arrangements, was first published in1987 and revised in 1999. The present publication, Section 2, was preparedby the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the Interna-tional Maritime Organization (IMO), and provides guidance to Governmentson search and recovery pro
9、cedures for packaged goods lost at sea to whichthe provisions of chapter VII of SOLAS 1974, as amended, and Annex III ofMARPOL, as amended, apply.Priority should be given to all measures that can reasonably be taken toavoid the loss overboard of packages containing dangerous goods andharmful substan
10、ces. However, the possibility of such loss can never betotally excluded. Search and Recovery of Packaged Goods Lost at Seadescribes the fate of such packages and related options for response, andgives guidelines on how to decide whether the packages should berecovered.Problems related to oil polluti
11、on casualties and related information arespecifically addressed in the IMO Manual on Oil Pollution, Sections I to VI.Expert advice on response to lost packages containing IMDG Code Class 7(Radioactive material) should be obtained from the International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA) and reference made t
12、o the IAEA Planning andPreparing for Emergency Response to Transport Accidents InvolvingRadioactive Materials Safety Guide TS-G-1.2.iiiContentsPageChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Summary of regulations and arrangementsrelating to the carriage of dangerous goodsin packaged form2.1 Principal IMO Con
13、ventions . 32.2 International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code(IMDG Code) 42.3 Further information on the transport ofdangerous goods by sea 82.4 Reporting of movement of packageddangerous goods . 82.5 Reporting loss of packages containingdangerous goods or marine pollutants . 9Chapter 3 Loss and fate
14、of packages3.1 Types of packaged goods . 113.2 Circumstances under which packaged goodsmay be lost at sea 113.3 Fate of lost packaged goods . 123.4 Notification and warnings by coastal States . 15Chapter 4 Location of packaged goods lost at sea4.1 Assessing probable location of packaged goods . 194.
15、2 Search procedure for floating packaged goods . 194.3 Locating packages at the sea surface 204.4 Locating sunken packages 214.5 Locating packages on the shore 22vPageChapter 5 Identification and hazard assessment5.1 Factors to be considered . 255.2 Marking and labelling of packages andplacarding of
16、 cargo transport units . 265.3 Hazard assessment . 265.4 Sources of information on hazards 28Chapter 6 Actions to be taken for the recoveryof packaged goods6.1 Risk assessment of recovery operations 316.2 Inspection of packages . 316.3 Methods of package recovery 346.4 Storage and disposal of recove
17、red packages . 376.5 Methods of responding to located packagesfor purposes other than recovery . 376.6 Environmental monitoring where packageshave leaked or are suspected of leaking 38Chapter 7 Explosives (IMDG Code, class 1)7.1 Introduction 417.2 Types of explosives . 417.3 Hazards . 427.4 Accident
18、al recovery . 447.5 Response to the reported loss of explosives 45Annex Labels, Marks and Signs . 47Manual on Chemical Pollution, Section 2viChapter 1IntroductionSection 1 of this Manual, Problem Assessment and Response Arrangements,was first issued in 1987 and revised in 1999. It provides guidance
19、toGovernments on ways of assessing hazards associated with spills ofharmful substances other than oil and of setting up response organizations.It also describes safe operational practice in spillage response andappropriate training.Section 2, Search and Recovery of Packaged Goods Lost at Sea, should
20、 beread in conjunction with Section 1. Its aim is to assist Governments inmaking decisions on search and recovery so that an appropriate and saferesponse can be made which minimizes damage to the environment andhazard to human health.Chapter 2 of this Section provides information on the principal IM
21、OConventions that relate to the carriage of dangerous goods as packagedgoods. The major portion of the chapter describes the International MaritimeDangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), together with the Emergency ResponseProcedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods (EmS Guide) and theMedical First Aid
22、Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods(MFAG). It also contains a description of incident reporting systems.Chapter 3 describes the ways in which packaged goods may be lost at sea,their subsequent fate and the notifications and warnings that should bemade.Chapter 4 deals with locating p
23、ackaged goods that have been lost at sea.The techniques and approaches that are required depends on the locationof the lost packages, i.e., on the sea surface or on the sea-bed.Chapter 5 deals with the identification of lost packaged goods that havebeen located and the means for assessing the hazard
24、s presented by them.Chapter 6 deals with the actions that need to be taken for the recovery ofpackaged goods. These include conducting a risk assessment for therecovery operation, alternative methods of package recovery depending onthe location of the packages and alternatives to recovery.1Chapter 7
25、 addresses the particular types and hazards associated withhazard class 1 explosives, under the IMDG Code, and the particularconsiderations associated with their accidental recovery and response tothe reporting of their loss.Manual on Chemical Pollution, Section 22Chapter 2Summary of regulations and
26、 arrangementsrelating to the carriage of dangerous goodsin packaged form2.1 Principal IMO ConventionsSeveral IMO Conventions refer to the carriage of dangerous goods inpackaged form.2.1.1 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS 1974), as amendedRegulation 3 of part A of chapter
27、VII of the International Convention for theSafety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974), as amended, requires that thecarriage of dangerous goods in packaged form by sea shall be in compliancewith the relevant provisions of the International Maritime Dangerous GoodsCode (IMDG Code).2.1.2 MARPOL Annex II
28、ISome cargoes, if accidentally lost at sea, could cause environmentalpollution to such a degree that action may need to be taken to avoid suchan occurrence or to minimize the consequences thereof. MARPOL Annex IIIcontains regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substancescarried by se
29、a in packaged form. These regulations lay down generalprinciples of packing, marking, labelling, documentation, stowage andpollution criteria for the transport of environmentally harmful substances(marine pollutants). The regulations identify marine pollutants so that theycould be packed and stowed
30、on board ship in such a way as to minimizeaccidental pollution, as well as to aid identification, by using clear marks todistinguish them from other, less harmful, cargoes.2.1.3 Hazardous and Noxious Substances(HNS) Convention 1996The HNS Convention, which is not yet in force, applies to claims, oth
31、er thanclaims arising out of any contract for the carriage of goods and passengers,for damage arising out of the carriage of hazardous and noxious substancesby sea. The scope of potential damage, the materials involved, the liability of3various parties and the arrangements regarding the compensation
32、 fundand contributing cargoes are described.2.1.4 OPRCHNS Protocol (2000)The HNS Protocol 2000 to the OPRC Convention of 1990 applies topreparedness, response and co-operation to marine pollution incidentsinvolving hazardous and noxious substances. It provides a framework forpreparedness and respons
33、e at national and regional levels and a platformfor co-operation amongst Member States for marine pollution incidentsinvolving hazardous and noxious substances, which may pose a threat tothe marine environment or to the coastline or related interests of one ormore States.2.2 International Maritime D
34、angerous Goods Code(IMDG Code)Recommendation 56 adopted by the International Conference on Safety ofLife at Sea, 1960, invited the Organization to undertake a study with a viewto establishing a unified international code for the carriage of dangerousgoods by sea. The IMDG Code was first introduced i
35、n 1965 and it has beenprogressively modified in step with scientific and technological develop-ments. It contains regulations for dangerous goods and marine pollutantsand applies to all ships, including ships of less than 500 gross tons,carrying dangerous goods in packaged form.2.2.1 ClassificationD
36、angerous goods are divided in the IMDG Code into the following UnitedNations (UN) hazard classes:Class 1 ExplosivesDivision 1.1 Substances and articles which have a mass explosionhazardDivision 1.2 Substances and articles which have a projection hazardbut not a mass explosion hazardDivision 1.3 Subs
37、tances and articles which have a fire hazard andeither a minor blast hazard or both but not a massexplosion hazardDivision 1.4 Substances and articles which present no significanthazardDivision 1.5 Very insensitive substances which have a massexplosion hazardDivision 1.6 Extremely insensitive articl
38、es which do not have a massexplosion hazardManual on Chemical Pollution, Section 24Class 2 GasesClass 2.1 Flammable gasesClass 2.2 Non-flammable, non-toxic gasesClass 2.3 Toxic gasesClass 3 Flammable liquidsClass 4 Flammable solids; substances liable to spontaneouscombustion; substances which, in co
39、ntact with water,emit flammable gasesClass 4.1 Flammable solids, self-reactive substances anddesensitized explosivesClass 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustionClass 4.3 Substances which, in contact with water, emitflammable gasesClass 5 Oxidizing substances and organic peroxidesClass 5.1 O
40、xidizing substancesClass 5.2 Organic peroxidesClass 6 Toxic and infectious substancesClass 6.1 Toxic substancesClass 6.2 Infectious substancesClass 7 Radioactive materialClass 8 Corrosive substancesClass 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articlesEach of these classes has a distinctive label (
41、see annex) and otherinformation referring to individual substances and the hazards that theymay present.The IMDG Code also contains provisions which deal with the packing,identification, marking, labelling and placarding of dangerous goods, thedocuments which are to be provided, stowage and segregat
42、ion requirementsand the carriage of explosives on board passenger ships.All substances, materials and articles which appear in the DangerousGoods List of the IMDG Code are also listed, in alphabetical order, in theindex of the Code, which gives the products hazard class and UN number.Substances iden
43、tified as marine pollutants are indicated as such in theindex.Although designed primarily for mariners, the provisions of the IMDG Codeprovide guidance to chemical manufacturers, exporters, shippers andhandlers and transport services from manufacturer to user.It should be noted that the classificati
44、on and labelling of substancestransported in packaging or as packages are generally subject to two typesChapter 2 Carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form5of regulations. One set of regulations will govern their transport, i.e., theIMDG Code, while the other will be the occupational health and s
45、afetyregulations governing their usage at the national and/or regional level, suchas within the European Union, for example.A substance may be classified as requiring a hazard label for use, but not fortransport, and vice versa. Port authorities also consult the IMDG Code forguidance on segregating
46、dangerous substances in loading, discharge andstorage areas.2.2.2 PackagingChapter 4.1 of the IMDG Code contains information on the use ofpackaging, including intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) and large pack-aging and chapter 6.1 of the IMDG Code contains provisions on theconstruction and testing
47、of packaging. For packing purposes, substancesother than those covered by classes 1 (explosives), 2 (gases), 5.2 (organicperoxides), 6.2 (infectious substances) and 7 (radioactive material) andother self-reactive substances of class 4.1 are assigned to three packaginggroups according to the degree o
48、f danger they present, i.e: Packing Group I: substances presenting high danger Packing Group II: substances presenting medium danger Packing Group III: substances presenting low dangerThe packing group to which a substance is assigned is indicated in theDangerous Goods List in chapter 3.2 of the IMD
49、G Code and has an impacton the detailed requirements for the construction of and performancetesting on types of standard packaging and packages ready for shipment.2.2.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Ships CarryingDangerous Goods (EmS Guide)No matter how closely regulations are followed, there is always the dangerthat an incident may lead to an emergency. In response to a request thatadvice on emergency response procedures be made available to thoseconcerned with the carriage of dangerous goods, the Organization developedgroup emergency schedules for all substances,
