1、Crating, Shipping,andHandling forControl CentersApproved 14 December 1990ISARP60.111991RECOMMENDED PRACTICEISA The Instrumentation,Systems, andAutomation Society TMCopyright 1991 by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in the UnitedStates of America. No part of this public
2、ation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709ISARP6
3、0.111991, Crating, Shipping and Handling for Control CentersISBN 1-55617-229-XISA-RP60.11-1991 3PrefaceThis preface is included for informational purposes and is not part of ISA-RP60.11-1991.This standard has been prepared as part of the service of the ISA toward a goal of uniformity in the field of
4、 instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms, and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board, ISA, 67 Alexander Drive, P. O. Box
5、12277, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Telephone (919) 549-8411, e-mail: standardsisa.org.The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of
6、instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to U.S.A. users of ISA standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to intro
7、duce SI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1982, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions
8、, symbols, abbreviations, and conversion factors. Certain metric units that are not a part of the SI system are in common accepted use. This standard uses bar as a pressure measurement that is convertible to kilopascals by multiplying by 100.It is the policy of the ISA to encourage and welcome the p
9、articipation of all concerned individuals and interests in the development of ISA standards. Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes endorsement by the employers of the individual, of the ISA, or of any of the standards that ISA develops.The persons l
10、isted below served as active members of the ISA Control Centers Committee for the major share of its working period.NAME COMPANYR. W Borut, Chairman The M. W. Kellogg CompanyG. R Erk, Secretary Sun Company, Inc,J. M. Fertitta, Secretary* The Foxboro CompanyA. R. Alworth Shell Oil Company (Retired)C.
11、 D. Armstrong Tennessee Valley AuthorityB. W. Ball Brown where exceptionally rough or abusive handling can be expected, use 1/2-in. (12.5-mm) thickness all around; for large or unusually shaped crates, it may be necessary to space struts or other vertical members 4 feet (1220 mm) on center rather th
12、an the recommended 2 feet (610 mm) on center. When strut spacing exceeds 2 feet (610 mm), 1/2-in. (12.5-mm) thick (minimum) plywood should be used.4.1.4 Fiberboard partsFiberboard provides many of the same protective benefits as wood sheathing but is lighter in weight. It is available in double-face
13、d single-wall stock, double-wall stock, and triple-wall corrugated structural material. Where large containers are involved, the preferred material is triple-wall structural fiberboard, 9/16-in. (14.3-mm) nominal thickness, weather-resistant Class 2 consisting of waterproof-type adhesive and water-r
14、esistant outer facing. This material can be scored, folded, and formed into a self-supporting sleeve that can be slipped over the properly mounted product and fastened to a wooden skid. It is also available in sheets that can be fastened to the superstructure frame members using staples or special n
15、ailing clips that are available from the fiberboard manufacturer.4.1.5 Lumber dimensionsThe lumber dimensions used in Table 3 are nominal. For example, the original rough dimensions of a 2 x 4, which are approximately 2 in. x 4 in., have been reduced by surfacing to 1-9/16 in. x 3-9/16 in. (38 mm x
16、89 mm). Rough lumber, or lumber that is only partially surfaced (two sides or two edges), may be used if desired, although it should be noted that the actual measurements of rough lumber can vary according to individual mill custom. It is general crating practice to use either surfaced or rough lumb
17、er in 1-in. (25-mm) and 2-in. (50-mm) thicknesses and to use only rough lumber when thicker than 2 in. (50 mm) (3 x 3s, 3 x 4s, etc.)Table 3 Examples of base and superstructure materialsLOCATION TYPICAL SIZES TYPICAL MATERIAL1. Skids Runners2x4, 3x4, 4x4, 4x6Douglas fir, western spruce, rough lumber
18、2. Rubbing Strips 2 x 2, 2 x 4, 2 x 6 Douglas fir, western spruce, rough lumber3. Load bearing members, sills, struts-general framing1 x 4, 1 x 6, 2 x 3, 2 x 4,2 x 6Douglas fir, hemlock, southern yellow pine, partially surfaced or finished lumber4. Flooring or decking 1 x 6 , 1 x 8, 1 x 12 Rough lum
19、ber2 x 6, 2 x 8, 2 x 12 Surfaced lumber3/8” thru 3/4” APA Grade C-D plywood/ext. glue5. Sheathing; sides, ends, top. 1 x 5, 1 x 6, 1 x 8 Pine, douglas fir, hemlock-square edged boards, finished lumber1 x 5, 1 x 6, 1 x 8 Pine, douglas fir, hemlock-square edged boards, finished lumber3/8” or 1/2” APA
20、Grade C-D plywood with exterior glue9/16” Triple-wall, water resistant “Class 2” corrugated fiberboard (C-A-A flute, 90-42-42-90 liner)ISA-RP60.11-1991 174.1.6 Fastening materials, generalThe most common fasteners used in crate construction are nails, lag screws, bolts, and steel strapping. Only new
21、 material should be used and should include a plating or coating, which will increase holding power and also provide protection from rusting during shipping and storage period.4.1.7 NailsThe three types most used for crating purposes are smooth, cement coated or galvanized, and deformed shank. A goo
22、d general rule to follow is that smooth nails (box or common) should be used when they are to be clinched. When nails are not clinched, the other types should be used because of their greater holding power, especially where softwood lumber is used. Where possible, the nail should be driven through t
23、he sheathing into the framing member and be long enough to penetrate at least 2 in. (50 mm) into the framing member. When sheathing is fastened to a 1-in. (25-mm) framing member, the nails should protrude at least 1/2 in. (12 mm) and be clinched.4.1.8 Lag screwsLag screws may be used to fasten sides
24、 to base, decking to skid, and contents to base. They are particularly useful when it is intended that the crate be disassembled and reused. They have excellent direct withdrawal and lateral resistance and are often used where high stresses can occur in handling. A plain flat washer or other reinfor
25、cing device should be used under the head of each lag screw. Penetration into the second member should be between 7 and 10 times the shank diameter of the lag screw. The diameter may be selected based on the size of the skid or fastening member used. Lag screws of 1/4-in. and 5/16-in. (6-mm and 8-mm
26、) diameter are used on small crates with 2-in. (50-mm) members. Accordingly, larger lag screws are used where thicker skid members are present (see Table 4).Table 4 Lag screws4.1.9 BoltsBolts are primarily used for fastening large base members, anchoring contents to base, and in holding blocking in
27、place. Select bolt diameter and length to suit the size of the member being attached or to fit the mounting hole provided in the unit being anchored. Most commonly used are 3/8 in., 1/2-in., and 5/8-in. (9.5-mm, 12.5-mm, and 16-mm) diameter carriage bolts. Fasten the bolt to contents using a lock nu
28、t, lock washers, or suitable thread-locking compound. For examples of bolt fastening methods, see Figure 2.NOMINAL FACE WIDTH OF MEMBER (in.)LAG SCREW DIAMETER (in.)LEAD HOLE DIAMETER (in.)DEPTH OF PENETRATION (in.)2 (50 mm) 1/45/163/161/42 (50 mm)2 (50 mm)3 (76 mm) 3/8 1/4 2 (50 mm)4 (100 mm) 1/2 3
29、/8 2-1/2 (64 mm)6 (150 mm) or wider 5/83/43/81/23 (76 mm)3-1/2 (90 mm)NOTE: Penetration is the minimum depth of each lag srew should penetrate into the receiving member. The recommended minimum length of lag screw for any application can be obtained by adding the thickness of the first member and th
30、e depth of penetration.18 ISA-RP60.11-19914.1.10 Steel strappingSteel strapping is generally provided to reinforce wooden crate joints or strengthen fiberboard-sheathed containers. This is considered an extra precaution where crates are being exported or may be subjected to unknown handling conditio
31、ns. When used as a continuous band tension strap, material should be applied with a band stretcher and the ends fastened with formed clips using a suitable crimper. When used for corner bracing only, strap should be at least 2-in. (50-mm) long with 6 in. (150 mm) of strap on each face. Fastening is
32、with 3 nails on each leg driven through the strap and sheathing and into a frame member. Figure 2 Hold-down methodsStrapping materials (minimum sizes) are:a) For tension strap: 3/4-in. wide x 0.028-in. thick steel for gross loads up to 10,000 lbs (4500 kg)1-1/2-in. wide x 0.025-in. thick steel for g
33、ross loads over 10,000 lbs (4500 kg)b) For corner reinforcing strap:3/4-in. wide x 0.028-in. thick steel (annealed) for gross loads up to 20,000 lbs (9000 kg)ISA-RP60.11-1991 194.1.11 Wrapping materialWrapping provides protection that cannot be obtained by crating alone. Where completely enclosed cr
34、ating is used, there will be some protection from weather and dust. However, where open crating is used, wrapping must be included to provide this protection. In some cases, even with enclosed crating, wrapping may be desirable to protect the contents from dust or moisture while in storage. General
35、rules for use of wrappings are as follows:a) Plain, untreated kraft papers should be used only when a completely enclosed crate is provided.b) Paper wrapping used in conjunction with open-type crating should be a heavy duty kraft paper that is waterproofed either by a plastic coating or by an asphal
36、tic adhesive barrier applied between two layers of paper. If outside storage is a possibility, these papers should also include a reinforcement to provide extra strength.c) Polyethylene sheet wrapping should not be used unless a desiccant is also provided. See Section 4.4, Humidity protection.d) Whe
37、n the method of transportation is likely to subject material to the weather or if storage conditions at the job site are unknown, consider humidity protection (see Section 4.4).e) When joining wrapper sheets, use a sealing tape that has an adhesive with high holding power, capable of sticking to tre
38、ated and coated surfaces. Tape used should be suitable for outdoor exposure and designed for heavy duty packaging and splicing applications.4.2 Types of crating4.2.1 Type 1 openBase only (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). For limited use, generally when shipment is by moving van and receiving conditions at th
39、e job site are ideal. The control center must be protected during shipment and unloading by pads and quilts, usually furnished by the moving company. Supervision by the control center manufacturer during the packing and loading operation is recommended.4.2.2 Type 2 general-purposeBase with open supe
40、rstructure (see Fig.3). Contents must be covered with heavy water-resistant wrapping. This crating is suitable for most domestic shipments but is not recommended where considerable outdoor exposure is anticipated.4.2.3 Type 2S general-purpose, humidity protectedSame as Type 2 with the addition of a
41、desiccant or volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) material for short-term indoor storage (up to 3 months). Refer to Section 4.4, Humidity protection.4.2.4 Type 3 enclosedBase with completely covered superstructure (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 5) Superstructure consists of wood frame members sheathed with matc
42、hed boards, plywood, or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard sheets. Framing is not required if a fiberboard sleeve or 5-panel wraparound and fitted cap are used (see Fig. 6). This crating is suitable for all domestic shipments and is recommended where considerable outdoor exposure is anticipated or wh
43、ere the extent of outdoor exposure is unknown.20 ISA-RP60.11-1991Figure 3 Crating type 2, general-purposeFigure 4 Crating types 3 andb) use of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) (see 4.4.3 through 4.4.7).4.4.1 DesiccantsA desiccant is a substance with a high moisture absorbing capacity that is used
44、 to prevent corrosion by absorbing the moisture from the air inside a package. The material is usually contained within cloth or paper bags but may also be packaged in specially designed sieve-like plastic and metal tubes and discs. Packaged desiccant is available in various sizes, by weight (in gra
45、ms, ounces, and pounds) or in “units.“ A “unit“ is defined as that weight of desiccant that will absorb at least 3 grams of water at 20% relative humidity and at a temperature of 25 C (77 F).NOTE: Above 40% R.H. is considered the danger zone for metal corrosion.The desiccant is placed inside the con
46、trol center, which must then be sealed with a moisture-impervious barrier. When all proper precautions have been taken to provide the correct packaging, eliminate any initial source of dampness and furnish the proper amount of desiccant. The protection period should be approximately 18 months.ISA-RP
47、60.11-1991 23Table 5 Crating selection guide4.4.2 General information on using desiccants for control center corrosion protectiona) Desiccants should be specified and used in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.b) An enclosed crate Type 3 or Type 4 should always be used.c) To protect d
48、elicate instruments and electronic components, a desiccant with low dusting properties should be used.d) An enclosing moisture barrier to keep out atmospheric moisture should be used. This may be either a flat sheet wrapper, prefabricated bag, or other container constructed of moisture/vapor-impervi
49、ous material.e) When a flat sheet wrapper is used, all seams must be completely sealed using a moisture-impervious tape that has a high-tack adhesive.CONDITION MINIMUM REQUIREMENTTYPE OF CARRIERA. Moving van Type 1B. Common carrier (enclosed or canvas covered) Type 2C. Flat bed or other open trailer Type 3D. Ship - cargo in hold Type 4E. Ship - containerized Type 2F. Rail plus local trucking Type 2G. Air freight plus local trucking Type 2H. Air freight ULD Type 2STORAGEA. Not required Type 1B. Warehouse (controlled environment) Type 2C. Warehouse (w/o controlled environme
