1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.2007(03/2012)Characteristics of and protection criteriafor radars operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHzM SeriesMobile, radiodetermination, amateurand related satellite servicesii Rec. ITU-R M.2007 Foreword The role of the
2、Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The
3、 regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy f
4、or ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for I
5、TU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting servic
6、e (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordinati
7、on between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Ele
8、ctronic Publication Geneva, 2012 ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.2007 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.2007 Characteristics of and protection criteria for radars operating in the aeronautica
9、l radionavigation service in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz (2012) Scope This Recommendation specifies the characteristics of and protection criteria for radar operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz. The technical and operational charac
10、teristics should be used when analysing compatibility between radars operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service with systems in other services. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the antenna, signal propagation, target detection, and large necessary bandwidth of rada
11、r required to achieve their functions are optimum in certain frequency bands; b) that the technical characteristics of radar operating in the radionavigation service are determined by the mission of the system and vary widely even within a frequency band; c) that representative technical and operati
12、onal characteristics of systems operating in frequency bands allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) are required to determine the feasibility of introducing new types of systems; d) that procedures and methodologies are needed to analyse compatibility between radars operating i
13、n the ARNS and systems in other services. recognizing a) that the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz is allocated on a primary basis to aeronautical radionavigation, fixed-satellite (earth-to-space), and mobile except aeronautical mobile in accordance with RR No.5.446A; recommends 1 that the technical a
14、nd operational characteristics of the radars operating in the ARNS described in Annex 1 should be considered representative of those operating in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz and used in studies of compatibility with systems in other services; 2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 should be used
15、in analysing compatibility between radars operating in the radiodetermination service with systems in other services; 3 that the criterion of interfering signal power to radar receiver noise power level, I/N, of 6 dB should be used as the required protection level for the aeronautical radionavigatio
16、n radars, and that this represents the net protection level if multiple interferers are present. 2 Rec. ITU-R M.2007 Annex 1 Technical and operational characteristics of radars operating in the aeronautical radionavigation service in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz 1 Introduction The ARNS operate
17、s worldwide on a primary basis in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz. This Annex describes the technical and operational characteristics of representative radionavigation pulsed Doppler radars operating in the ARNS in this frequency band. 2 Characteristics of aeronautical radionavigation sense and a
18、void systems The safe flight operation of unmanned aircraft (UA) necessitates advanced techniques to detect and track nearby aircraft, terrain, and obstacles to navigation. Like manned aircraft, UA must avoid these objects. Remote pilots will need to be aware of the aircrafts operating environment,
19、be able to identify the potential threats to the safe operation of the aircraft, and take the appropriate action to circumvent the hazard. The primary function of sense and avoid radar is to provide the capability to detect, track and report air traffic information to the remote pilot in order to ma
20、intain adequate separation from other aircraft/obstructions. The system utilizes a “Pilot-in-the-Loop“ approach in which the ground-based unmanned aircraft system (UAS) pilot will have final authority regarding unmanned aircraft system avoidance manoeuvres. Table 1 provides the technical parameters
21、of aeronautical radionavigation radars operating in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz. TABLE 1 Technical parameters of aircraft based sense and avoid radar Parameter Radar No. 1 Platform Unmanned aircraft vehicle Platform height (km) Up to 20 Radar type Air to air traffic collision avoidance system
22、 The range of measured ground speed (km/h) Up to 1 500 Frequency tuning range (MHz) 5 150-5 250 Emission type Linear FM (LFM) pulse LFM chirp bandwidth (MHz) 20 Pulse width (s) 5-11 Pulse rise and fall times (s) 0.1-0.2 RF emission bandwidth 3 dB 20 dB (MHz) 40 dB 18 22 26 Pulse repetition frequency
23、 (pps) 31 500-33 500 Peak transmitter power (W) 80.0 Average transmitter power (W) 16 Receiver IF 3 dB bandwidth (MHz) 30 Rec. ITU-R M.2007 3 TABLE 1 (fin) Parameter Radar No. 1 Sensitivity (dBm) 133 Receiver noise figure (dB) 5 Antenna type Phased array Antenna placement Nose and cheek of aircraft
24、Antenna gain (dBi) 33-36 First antenna side lobe (dBi) 18-20 Horizontal beamwidth (degrees) 8 Vertical beamwidth (degrees) 8 Polarization VerticalVertical antenna scan (degrees) 45 Horizontal antenna scan (degrees) 45 Protection criteria (dB) 6 3 Sense and avoid operation Manned aircraft have long r
25、elied upon the eyesight of a human pilot in the cockpit as the primary method to sense other aircraft and avoid mid-air collisions even when transponders or radar systems are present. UAS do not have the advantage of this on-board safety feature. UA are envisioned to be fully integrated with manned
26、aircraft across the full range of applications. UAS applications that have been demonstrated or planned come from such areas as agriculture, communication relays, aerial photography, mapping, emergency management, scientific research, environmental management, and law enforcement. Therefore, UAS mus
27、t have this sense and avoid (S the allowable I/N ratio for an individual interferer depends on the number of interferers and their geometry, and needs to be assessed in the course of analysis of a given scenario. The aggregation factor can be very substantial in the case of certain communication sys
28、tems in which a great number of stations can be deployed. 1Recommendation ITU-R M.1461-1 “Procedures for determining the potential for interference between radars operating in the radiodetermination service and systems in other services“. Rec. ITU-R M.2007 5 The effect of pulsed interference is more
29、 difficult to quantify and is strongly dependent on receiver/processor design and mode of operation. In particular, the differential processing gains for valid-target return that is synchronously pulsed, and interference pulses, which are usually asynchronous, often have important effects on the imp
30、act of given levels of pulsed interference. Several different forms of performance degradation can be inflicted by such desensitization; assessing it will be an objective for analyses of interactions between specific radar types. Techniques for suppression of low-duty cycle pulsed interference are contained in Recommendation ITU-R M.1372. _
