1、 Report ITU-R BT.2069-4(11/2009)Tuning ranges and operational characteristics of terrestrial electronicnews gathering (ENG), televisionoutside broadcast (TVOB) and electronicfield production (EFP) systemsBT SeriesBroadcasting service(television)ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 Foreword The role of the Radioc
2、ommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regul
3、atory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU
4、-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/I
5、TU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT B
6、roadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fix
7、ed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2010 ITU 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any
8、 means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 1 REPORT ITU-R BT.2069-4 Tuning ranges and operational characteristics of terrestrial electronic news gathering (ENG), television outside broadcast (TVOB) and electronic field production (EFP) systems (Question ITU-R 121/6) (
9、2006-2007-2008-2009) 1 Introduction This Report provides information on the current status of terrestrial electronic news gathering (ENG), television outside broadcast (TVOB) and electronic field production (EFP) systems. It was developed by the former ITU-R Working Party 6P (now Working Party 6J) i
10、n response to WRC-03 agenda item 7.1 (Recommendation 723 (WRC-03). Member States, Sector Members, television broadcasters and organizations involved in terrestrial electronic news gathering (ENG), television outside broadcast (TVOB) and electronic field production (EFP) systems contributed to its de
11、velopment. An input contribution to Working Party 6J from the United States of America (Document 6J/28) stated: “The Report provides excellent illustrations of how spectrum is utilized in the production of programmes for news, disaster reporting, sports, and entertainment. The interest of the public
12、 is served by live coverage of events especially those situations affecting public safety and national security. Improvements in quality and enhanced impact of programmes are facilitated by the use of non-wired technologies including point-of-view (POV) cameras and wireless microphones. Wireless dev
13、ices for programme content production are providing the viewer with ever increasing opportunities to experience the coverage of live and realistic situations throughout the world. These devices rely heavily upon spectrum allocations beyond those primary allocations for broadcasting. The allocations
14、include SAP (Services Ancillary to Programme making) and SAB (Services Ancillary to Broadcasting) as defined in the Report as well as fixed, mobile, and satellite services. The preliminary draft new Report provides administrations with insights into the importance of spectrum usage by broadcasters a
15、nd other programme content providers.” Similarly a contribution from the North American Broadcasters Association stated: “The public interest is served by live news coverage of breaking events, especially disasters or potential disasters affecting public safety and national security. The public is s
16、erved by broadcasters increasing use of a visual intimacy and immediacy in such things as medical news, disaster reporting, and sporting events that can only be delivered via non-wired technologies such as live point-of-view (POV) cameras and wireless microphones. The broadcaster in developing progr
17、amme content relies heavily upon the use of spectrum beyond those bands primarily allocated to broadcasting. NABA continues to express serious concerns regarding the unregulated use of indoor, mobile, and hand-held systems that cause interference to radiocommunication services in support of broadcas
18、t systems. NABA strongly supports the protection of Broadcast Auxiliary Service (BAS) spectrum. The Report illustrates the critical need to coordinate and protect the spectrum on an international basis.” 2 Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 To develop this Report Working Party 6J established a Rapporteur who was
19、to study1: the technical, operational and frequency issues of ENG on a global basis; whether digitization may provide an opportunity for more efficient spectrum usage for ENG that could assist with meeting a growing demand for spectrum by these systems; provision of adequate and appropriate spectrum
20、 to meet the needs of broadcasters including the temporary needs of visiting broadcasters of other administrations. This Report has been used as the basis for advancing studies in ITU-R on terrestrial electronic news gathering (ENG), television outside broadcast (TVOB) and electronic field productio
21、n (EFP) systems. It is provided as guidance for Members States, Sector Members, television broadcasters and organizations seeking to implement ENG, TVOB and EFP systems. 2 Background In many administrations television has emerged as the primary delivery method of news to the general public. Initiall
22、y film was the major medium for the capture of news events. However, with film there were time delays associated with the transport and handling of film. The availability of high quality terrestrial ENG equipment changed that situation. The advances in television news coverage over the lifetime of t
23、elevision has led to a high level of expectation on the part of the consumer for a comprehensive and instant coverage of news events on television. In many instances material goes “live to air”, a factor which demands the certainty of an interference free radio-frequency spectrum channel for the dur
24、ation of the event. Indeed the presentation of a news story as “live” (the “live eye” concept) has become an objective for news bulletins. Such is the demand for immediacy by the public. The viewing population of television audience coverage/service areas has also increased considerably since the pr
25、esent tuning ranges for terrestrial ENG were identified. This has produced the twofold effect of increasing the probability of occurrence of news worthy events whilst also increasing the number of camera crews, vehicles and hence ENG transmission channels which are needed to cover wider areas. While
26、 there is a continuing increase in demand for the quantity and quality of coverage of outside events which television organizations/networks are required to provide, this increase in demand must be met often from within the same radio-frequency resource that was justified on the basis of the require
27、ments developed several decades ago. 3 Definitions of SAP/SAB and ENG/OB Definitions for ENG and TVOB were agreed some time ago. However, originally they referred only to video reporting services. Later it became obvious that ENG/OB definitions should also accommodate the sound reporting application
28、s. As a result radiocommunication agencies proposed additional amendments to these definitions. Trying to combine all these various references into an overall picture, the following definition of ENG/OB is proposed: ENG: Electronic news gathering (ENG) is the collection of video and/or sound materia
29、l without the use of film or tape recorder, using small, often handheld, electronic cameras and/or 1Refer Administrative Circular CA/131. Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 3 microphones with radio links to the news room and/or to the portable tape or other recorders. OB: Outside broadcasting (OB) is the temporar
30、y provision of programme making facilities at the location of ongoing news, sport or other events, lasting from a few hours to several weeks. Outside broadcasts are generally planned in advance, but it is often necessary to accommodate short notice changes of venue or unforeseen requirements. Video
31、and/or sound reporting radio links (channels) might be required for mobile links, portable links and cordless cameras or microphones at the OB location. Additionally, video and/or sound reporting radio links may be required as part of a temporary point to point connection between the OB vehicle and
32、the studio. It can be seen that the definitions of ENG and OB are not mutually exclusive. Certain operations could equally well reside in either or both categories. Therefore, to avoid confusion, it has been a long practice within the administrations to consider all types of such operations under th
33、e combined term “ENG/OB/BAS/SAP/SAB”. It is also understood that these applications refer to terrestrial radiocommunication services, as opposed to SNG/OB terminology, which refers to similar applications but over the satellite radiocommunication channels. For better understanding of differences bet
34、ween ENG and OB, Figs 1 and 2 show typical operational set-ups for those two scenarios of broadcasting activities. FIGURE 1 Typical set-up of ENG operations 4 Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 FIGURE 2 Typical set-up of OB operations The definitions of SAP/SAB are set out as follows: SAP2: Services ancillary to
35、programme making (SAP) support the activities carried out in the making of “programmes”, such as film making, advertisements, corporate videos, concerts, theatre and similar activities not initially meant for broadcasting to general public. SAB3: Services ancillary to broadcasting (SAB) support the
36、activities of broadcast service companies carried out in the production of their programme material. Services ancillary to broadcasting (SAB) were originally only those required by public broadcasting companies in the preparation of programme material, while services ancillary to programme making (S
37、AP) covered programme making by independent companies along with the commercials, theatre shows, concerts and sporting events. While there are some differences in the nature of these two businesses, their spectrum requirements are almost identical. Similarly to ENG/OB, it may be seen that the defini
38、tions of SAP and SAB are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Therefore they are also often used together as “SAP/SAB” to refer generally to the whole variety of services to transmit sound and video material over the radio links. However, it is important to note that in such broad understanding, the
39、SAP/SAB services include both ENG/OB and SNG/OB applications, but also the service links that may be used in the production of programmes, such as talk-back or personal monitoring of sound-track, telecommand, telecontrol and similar applications. Assuming all of the above definitions and comments, t
40、he following gives detailed presentation of different applications possible within the above categories and links between them. 2In some parts of the world SAP has a reference to an alternative service such as second audio programme. 3In some parts of the world SAB is referred to as BAS. Rep. ITU-R
41、BT.2069-4 5 3.1 Overall picture of SAP/SAB world of applications As mentioned before, the SAP/SAB definitions imply more business-oriented classification of programme making facilities. The technical view then adds another dimension to that picture because many SAP and SAB users use the same technol
42、ogy for their applications. Therefore, the following picture in Fig. 3 describes this two-layered structure of the whole world of SAP and SAB, including ENG/OB applications. The following definitions are assumed in describing the technology layer of various SAP/SAB applications: Cordless camera Hand
43、held or otherwise mounted camera with integrated transmitter, power pack and antenna for carrying broadcast-quality video together with sound signals over short-ranges. In-ear monitor Body-worn miniature receiver with earpieces for personal monitoring of single or dual channel sound track. Mobile ai
44、rborne video link Video transmission system employing radio transmitter mounted on helicopters or other airships. Mobile audio link Audio transmission system employing radio transmitter mounted in/on motorcycles, pedal cycles, cars, racing cars, boats, etc. One or both link terminals may be used whi
45、le moving. Mobile vehicular video link Video transmission system employing radio transmitter mounted in/on motorcycles, pedal cycles, cars, racing cars or boats. One or both link terminals may be used while moving. Portable audio link Body worn transmitter used with one or more microphones, with a l
46、onger operating range capabilities than that of radio microphones. Portable video link Handheld camera with separate body-worn transmitter, power pack and antenna.Radio microphone Handheld or body worn microphone with integrated or body worn transmitter. Talk-back For communicating the instructions
47、of the director instantly to all those concerned in making the programme; these include presenters, interviewers, cameramen, sound operators, lighting operators and engineers. A number of talk-back channels may be in simultaneous use to cover those different activities. Talk-back usually employs con
48、stant transmission. Telecommand/ remote control Radio links for the remote control of cameras and other programme-making equipment and for signalling. Temporary point-to-point audio link Temporary link between two points (e.g. part of a link between an OB site and a studio), used for carrying broadc
49、ast quality audio or for carrying service (voice) signals. Link terminals are mounted on tripods, temporary platforms, purpose built vehicles or hydraulic hoists. Two-way links are often required. Temporary point-to-point video links Temporary link between two points (e.g. part of a link between an OB site and a studio), used for carrying broadcast quality video/audio signals. Link terminals are mounted on tripods, temporary platforms, purpose built vehicles or hydraulic hoists. Two-way links are often required. 6 Rep. ITU-R BT.2069-4 FIGURE 3 Overall picture of SAP/SAB user secto
