1、 Recommendation ITU-R RS.2017(05/2012)Performance and interference criteriafor satellite passive remote sensingRS SeriesRemote sensing systemsii Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequ
2、ency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocomm
3、unication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of pate
4、nt statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations
5、 (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and relate
6、d satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Tim
7、e signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subjects Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2012 ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, b
8、y any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.2017 Performance and interference criteria for satellite passive remote sensing (2012) Scope This Recommendation provides information on the performance and interference criteria for satellite pas
9、sive remote sensing of the Earth and its atmosphere for microwave passive sensors. The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that certain frequency bands, including some absorption bands of atmospheric gases (e.g. O2(oxygen) and H2O (water vapour), have been allocated for spaceborne passiv
10、e microwave remote sensing; b) that some of these bands are also allocated to other radiocommunication services; c) that performance criteria are a necessary prerequisite to the establishment of interference and sharing criteria; d) that surface brightness temperature, the atmospheric temperature at
11、 points along a path and absorption coefficients can be determined from measurements of the sensor antenna temperature, TA; e) that the surface brightness temperature and the absorption coefficients, in turn, depend upon the physical properties of the surface or atmosphere that are to be sensed; f)
12、that studies have established measurement sensitivity requirements; g) that interference criteria should be compatible with performance objectives; h) that interference criteria are a necessary prerequisite to the establishment of sharing criteria; j) that interference criteria can be stated in term
13、s of interference power within a reference bandwidth; k) that passive microwave remote sensing is performed in absorption bands to obtain important three-dimensional atmospheric data that are used in particular to initialize numerical weather prediction (NWP) models; l) that studies have established
14、 that measurements in absorption bands are extremely vulnerable to interference because, in general, there is no possibility to detect and to reject data that are contaminated by interference, and because propagation of undetected contaminated data into NWP models may have a destructive impact on th
15、e reliability/quality of weather forecasting; m) that three-dimensional measurements of atmospheric temperature or gas concentration are performed in the absorption bands including those in the range 52.6-59.3 GHz, 115.25-122.25 GHz, 174.8-191.8 GHz, as well as the auxiliary window channels at 23.6-
16、24 GHz, 31.3-31.8 GHz, 50.2-50.4 GHz and 86-92 GHz; n) that performance requirements for passive sensors can be stated in terms of measurement sensitivity, Te, and availability, measured at the satellite, assuming that degradation from other elements in the system will be small; o) that the sensitiv
17、ities of radiometric passive sensors are generally expressed as a temperature differential, Te, given by: 2 Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 tBTTse/= K where: Te : radiometric resolution (root-mean-square (r.m.s.) uncertainty in estimation of total system noise, Ts); : receiver system constant; Ts: system noise t
18、emperature (K) (antenna temperature and receiver noise temperature); B : spectral resolution (of spectro-radiometer) or “reference bandwidth” of a single radiometric channel (Hz); t : sensor integration time (s); p) that the radiometer threshold, or minimum discernible power change, is given by: BTk
19、Pe= W where k is Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 1023J/K, recommends 1 that the measurement sensitivities suitable for satellite passive remote sensing of the Earths land, oceans and atmosphere indicated in Table 1 should be used as performance criteria; 2 that in bands used for satellite passive remote
20、sensing, the required minimum availability of passive sensor data for each band should be as specified in column 3 (Data availability) of Table 1; 3 that the permissible interference level for spaceborne passive sensors should be set at 20% of P; 4 that permissible interference levels and reference
21、bandwidths for the frequency bands preferred for satellite passive sensing of the Earths land, oceans and atmosphere as specified in Table 2 should be used in any interference assessment or sharing studies; 5 that the interference level in Table 2 should not be exceeded for more than a percentage of
22、 sensor viewing area or a percentage of measurement time as given in column 4 of Table 2. Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 3 TABLE 1 Performance criteria for satellite passive remote sensing up to 1 000 GHz Frequency band(s) (GHz) Required Te(K) Data availability(1)(%) Scan mode (N, C, L)(2)1.370-1.427 0.05 99.9
23、N, C 2.64-2.70 0.1 99.9 N 4.2-4.4 0.0599.9 N, C 6.425-7.25 0.0599.910.6-10.7 0.199.9 N, C 15.2-15.4 0.1 99.9 N, C 18.6-18.8 0.199.9N, C 21.2-21.4 0.05 99.9 N 22.21-22.5 0.05 99.9 N 23.6-24 0.05 99.99 N, C 31.3-31.8 0.0599.99 N, 36-37 0.199.9 C 50.2-50.4 0.05 99.99 N, C 52.6-59.3 0.0599.99 N, 86-92 0
24、.05 99.99 N, C 100-102 0.005 99 L 109.5-111.8 0.005 99 L 114.25-116 0.005 99 L 115.25-122.25 0.05/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 148.5-151.5 0.1/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 155.5-158.5(4)0.1 99.99 N, C 164-167 0.1/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, C, L 174.8-191.8 0.1/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, C, L 200-209 0.005 99 L
25、226-231.5 0.2/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 235-238 0.005 99 L 250-252 0.005 99 L 275-285.4 0.005 99 L 296-306 0.2/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 313.5-355.6 0.3/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, C, L 361.2-365 0.3/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 369.2-391.2 0.3/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 397.2-399.2 0.3/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3)
26、 N, L 409-411 0.005 99 L 416-433.46 0.4/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 439.1-466.3 0.4/0.005(3)99.99/99(3)N, C, L 4 Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 TABLE 1 (end) Frequency band(s) (GHz) Required Te(K) Data availability(1)(%) Scan mode (N, C, L)(2)477.75-496.75 0.00599L 497-502 0.5/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 523-527 0.
27、5 99.99 N 538-581 0.5/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 611.7-629.7 0.005 99 L 634-654 0.6/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, L 656.9-692 0.6/0.005(3) 99.99/99(3) N, C, L 713.4-717.4 0.005 99 L 729-733 0.005 99 L 750-754 0.005 99 L 771.8-775.8 0.005 99 L 823.15-845.15 0.8/0.005(3)99.99/99(3)N, C, L 850-854 0.005 99 L
28、857.9-861.9 0.005 99 866-882 0.8 99.99 N, C 905.17-927.17 0.9/0.005(3)99.99/99(3)N, L 951-956 0.005 99 L 968.31-972.31 0.005 99985.9-989.9 0.005 99 L (1)Data availability is the percentage of area or time for which accurate data is available for a specified sensor measurement area or sensor measurem
29、ent time. For a 99.99% data availability, the measurement area is a square on the Earth of 2 000 000 km2, unless otherwise justified; for a 99.9% data availability, the measurement area is a square on the Earth of 10 000 000 km2unless otherwise justified; for a 99% data availability the measurement
30、time is 24 h, unless otherwise justified. (2)N: Nadir, Nadir scan modes concentrate on sounding or viewing the Earths surface at angles of nearly perpendicular incidence. The scan terminates at the surface or at various levels in the atmosphere according to the weighting functions. L: Limb, Limb sca
31、n modes view the atmosphere “on edge” and terminate in space rather than at the surface, and accordingly are weighted zero at the surface and maximum at the tangent point height. C: Conical, Conical scan modes view the Earths surface by rotating the antenna at an offset angle from the nadir directio
32、n. (3)First number for nadir or conical modes and second number for microwave limb sounding applications. (4)This band is needed until 2018 to accommodate existing and planned sensors. Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 5 TABLE 2 Interference criteria for satellite passive remote sensing up to 1 000 GHz Frequency b
33、and(s) (GHz) Reference bandwidth (MHz) Maximum interference level (dBW) Percentage of area or time permissible interference level may be exceeded(1)(%) Scan mode (N, C, L)(2)1.370-1.427 27 174 0.1 N, C 2.64-2.70 10 176 0.1 N 4.2-4.4 200 166 0.1 N, C 6.425-7.25 200 166 0.1 N, C 10.6-10.7 100 166 0.1
34、N, C 15.2-15.4 50 169 0.1 N, C 18.6-18.8 200 163 0.1 N, C 21.2-21.4 100 169 0.1 N 22.21-22.5 100 169 0.1 N 23.6-24 200 166 0.01 N, C 31.3-31.8 200 166 0.01 N, C 36-37 100 166 0.1 N, C 50.2-50.4 200 166 0.01 N, C 52.6-59.3 100 169 0.01 N, C 86-92 100 169 0.01 N, C 100-102 10 189 1 L 109.5-111.8 10 18
35、9 L 114.25-116 10 189 1 L 115.25-122.25 200/10(3) 166/189(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 148.5-151.5 500/10(3) 159/189(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 155.5-158.5(4)200 163 0.01 N, C 164-167 200/10(3) 163/189(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 174.8-191.8 200/10(3) 163/189(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 200-209 3 194 1 L 226-231.5 200/3(3) 160/194(3)0.01/1(
36、3)N, L 235-238 3 194 1 L 250-252 3 194 L 275-285.4 3 194 1 L 296-306 200/3(3) 160/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 313.5-355.6 200/3(3) 158/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 361.2-365 200/3(3) 158/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 369.2-391.2 200/3(3) 158/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 6 Rec. ITU-R RS.2017 TABLE 2 (end) Frequency band(s) (GHz)
37、Reference bandwidth (MHz) Maximum interference level (dBW) Percentage of area or time permissible interference level may be exceeded(1)(%) Scan mode (N, C, L)(2)397.2-399.2 200/3(3) 158/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 409-411 3 194 1 N 416-433.46 200/3(3) 157/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 439.1-466.3 200/3(3) 157/194(3)0
38、.01/1(3)N, C, L 477.75-496.75 3194 1 L 497-502 200/3(3) 156/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 523-527 200 156 0.01 N 538-581 200/3(3) 156/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 611.7-629.7 3 194 1 L 634-654 200/3(3) 155/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 656.9-692 200/3(3) 155/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 713.4-717.4 3 194 1 L 729-733 3 194 L 750-754 3
39、 194 1 L 771.8-775.8 3 194 L 823.15-845.15 200/3(3)154/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, C, L 850-854 3 194 1 L 857.9-861.9 3 194 L 866-882 200 154 0.01 C 905.17-927.17 200/3(3)153/194(3)0.01/1(3)N, L 951-956 3 194 1 L 968.31-972.31 3 194 L 985.9-989.9 3 194 1 L (1)For a 0.01% level, the measurement area is a squar
40、e on the Earth of 2 000 000 km2, unless otherwise justified; for a 0.1% level, the measurement area is a square on the Earth of 10 000 000 km2unless otherwise justified; for a 1% level, the measurement time is 24 h, unless otherwise justified. (2)N: Nadir, Nadir scan modes concentrate on sounding or
41、 viewing the Earths surface at angles of nearly perpendicular incidence. The scan terminates at the surface or at various levels in the atmosphere according to the weighting functions. L: Limb, Limb scan modes view the atmosphere “on edge” and terminate in space rather than at the surface, and accor
42、dingly are weighted zero at the surface and maximum at the tangent point height. C: Conical, Conical scan modes view the Earths surface by rotating the antenna at an offset angle from the nadir direction. (3)First number for nadir or conical scanning modes and second number for microwave limb sounding applications. (4)This band is needed until 2018 to accommodate existing and planned sensors. _
