1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.36 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (01/2015) SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT Single-mode fibre optic connectors Recommendation ITU-T L.36 R
2、ec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) i Recommendation ITU-T L.36 Single-mode fibre optic connectors Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.36 describes the main features of fibre optic connectors, in terms of types, fields of application, configurations and technical aspects. Further, this Recommendation examines the o
3、ptical, mechanical and environmental characteristics of fibre optic connectors, advising on general requirements and test methods. While taking into account Recommendation ITU-T G.671 as far as the transmission parameters are concerned, this Recommendation is based on the most recent work carried ou
4、t within IEC SC86B Working Groups 4 and 6, namely the IEC 61300 and IEC 61753-series. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.36 1998-10-09 6 11.1002/1000/4508 2.0 ITU-T L.36 2008-01-08 6 11.1002/1000/9324 3.0 ITU-T L.36 2015-01-13 15 11.1002/1000/12412 _ * To acce
5、ss the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United
6、Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendati
7、ons on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approva
8、l of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration
9、“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance
10、with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is requ
11、ired of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellect
12、ual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. How
13、ever, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the p
14、rior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 3 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 2 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 3 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 3 5 Conventions 3 6 General information 3 7 Types and configuratio
15、ns 3 7.1 Fibre types 4 7.2 Cable types . 4 7.3 Fibre alignment system . 4 7.4 Fibre and ferrule end-face finish 4 7.5 Coupling mechanism 5 8 Characterization parameter definitions . 5 8.1 Optical parameters 5 8.2 Mechanical parameters . 5 8.3 Environmental parameters 6 9 Performance criteria and tes
16、t methods 6 9.1 Optical performance requirements . 6 9.2 Mechanical performance requirements 7 9.3 Environmental performance requirements . 9 10 Connector identification . 11 Appendix I Overview of international and regional conventions for colour coding of single-mode fibre optic connectors . 12 Ap
17、pendix II Methodology for estimating reflectance from optical connector end-face contamination . 13 Bibliography. 15 Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.36 Single-mode fibre optic connectors 1 Scope This Recommendation: gives general information on fundamental types of fibre optic con
18、nectors, their field of application and the main requirements about their characteristics in terms of optical, mechanical and environmental behaviour; makes a classification of these components in terms of the configurations used into fibre optic plants; gives a general description of the basic prin
19、ciples of operation and of technologies of fabrication of fibre optic connectors; describes all the most important optical parameters and gives general specifications on the optical, mechanical and environmental performance of fibre optic connectors; describes the main test methods of fibre optic co
20、nnectors; is limited to factory installed connectors; these are connectors that have been applied to the fibre and/or cable in a controlled factory environment. Field mountable connectors, which are to be applied to the fibre and/or cable by an installer in field conditions, are outside the scope of
21、 this Recommendation. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references
22、are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a d
23、ocument within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T G.652 Recommendation ITU-T G.652 (2009), Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.653 Recommendation ITU-T G.653 (2010), Characteristics of a dispersion-shif
24、ted, single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.654 Recommendation ITU-T G.654 (2012), Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-T G.655 Recommendation ITU-T G.655 (2009), Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable. ITU-
25、T G.656 Recommendation ITU-T G.656 (2010), Characteristics of a fibre and cable with non-zero dispersion for wideband optical transport. ITU-T G.657 Recommendation ITU-T G.657 (2012), Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable for the access network. ITU-T G.67
26、1 Recommendation ITU-T G.671 (2012), Transmission characteristics of optical components and subsystems. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) IEC 61300-2-1 IEC 61300-2-1 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-1: Tests Vibration (sinusoid
27、al). IEC 61300-2-2 IEC 61300-2-2 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-2: Tests Mating durability. IEC 61300-2-4 IEC 61300-2-4 (1995), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement proce
28、dures Part 2-4: Tests Fibre/cable retention. IEC 61300-2-5 IEC 61300-2-5 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-5: Tests Torsion. IEC 61300-2-6 IEC 61300-2-6 (2010), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Ba
29、sic test and measurement procedures Part 2-6: Tests Tensile strength of coupling mechanism. IEC 61300-2-12 IEC 61300-2-12 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-12: Tests Impact. IEC 61300-2-17 IEC 61300-2-17 (2010), Fibre opti
30、c interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-17: Tests Cold. IEC 61300-2-18 IEC 61300-2-18 (2005), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-18: Tests Dry heat High temperature endurance. I
31、EC 61300-2-19 IEC 61300-2-19 (2012), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-19: Tests Damp heat (steady state). IEC 61300-2-21 IEC 61300-2-21 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement
32、 procedures Part 2-21: Tests Composite temperature/humidity cyclic test. IEC 61300-2-22 IEC 61300-2-22 (2007), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-22: Tests Change of temperature. IEC 61300-2-26 IEC 61300-2-26 (2006), Fibre optic in
33、terconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-26: Tests Salt mist. IEC 61300-2-27 IEC 61300-2-27 (1995), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-27: Tests Dust Laminar flow. IEC 61300-2-42 IEC
34、 61300-2-42 (2014), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-42: Tests Static side load for strain relief. IEC 61300-2-44 IEC 61300-2-44 (2013), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement proced
35、ures Part 2-44: Tests Flexing of the strain relief of fibre optic devices. Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) 3 IEC 61300-3-6 IEC 61300-3-6 (2008), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 3-6: Examinations and measurements Return loss. IEC 61300-3
36、-28 IEC 61300-3-28 (2012), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 3-28: Examinations and measurements Transient loss. IEC 61300-3-34 IEC 61300-3-34 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components Basic test and measure
37、ment procedures Part 3-34: Examinations and measurements Attenuation of random mated connectors. IEC 61753-1 IEC 61753-1 (2007), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components performance standard Part 1: General and guidance for performance standards. IEC 61755-1 IEC 61755-1 (2005), Fib
38、re optic connector optical interfaces Part 1: Optical interfaces for single mode non-dispersion shifted fibres General and guidance. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere None. 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation None. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Recommendation uses the following abbr
39、eviations and acronyms: APC Angled Physical Contact GWOA Gaussian Weighted Occluded Area PC Physical Contact 5 Conventions None. 6 General information Fibre optic connectors provide a method for jointing the ends of two optical fibres. Such a joint is not a permanent one, but it can be opened and cl
40、osed several times. The optical connectors are required in the points of the network in which it is necessary to have flexibility in terms of network configuration and test access. Fibre optic connectors have applications in all types of networks, at the input and output ports of the transmission sy
41、stems and are also used to connect test equipment and instrumentation. The connection can have a plug-adapter-plug or a plug-socket configuration. The main effects of the introduction of a connector in an optical line are an attenuation on the transmitted signal and a reflection of a part of the sig
42、nal. 4 Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) 7 Types and configurations Fibre optic connectors can be classified on the basis of the: type of cable; type of fibre; fibre alignment system; fibre end-face finish; number of jointed fibres; type of coupling mechanism; outer diameter of the ferrule (2.5 mm or 1.25 m
43、m), when applicable; connector mating lay out (“plug and socket“ or “plug-adapter-plug“). 7.1 Fibre types The type of connector, and in particular, its grade of mechanical accuracy depends on the type of fibre to be jointed. The fibres to be considered are those specified in ITU-T G.652, ITU-T G.653
44、, ITU-T G.654, ITU-T G.655, ITU-T G.656 and ITU-T G.657. Particularly, great accuracy is necessary to align two single-mode fibres in which the light is guided in a core of approximately 9 m. 7.2 Cable types The connector can be assembled with: primary coated fibre (250 m); secondary coated fibre (9
45、00 m); single fibre cable (typically from 0.9 mm to 4.5 mm). 7.3 Fibre alignment system a) Direct alignment: In this type of solution, the bare fibre is directly aligned by V-groove or capillary tubes. b) Secondary alignment: In this case, the fibre is fixed in a structure, usually a cylindrical fer
46、rule for single or duplex fibre connections or a rectangular section body for duplex or multiple fibre joint. These structures are aligned by means of sleeves, pins or other systems. c) Lens alignment: The optical alignment of the fibres is obtained by means of a lens. NOTE Secondary alignment is th
47、e most commonly applied design; loss criteria of most standards are established for this type of connector. 7.4 Fibre and ferrule end-face finish For both direct alignment and ferrule-based connectors, the end face of the fibre or the ferrule is prepared (normally by polishing) to give fibre to fibr
48、e contact either where the end faces are perpendicular to the fibre axis or at a small angle to the perpendicular. For ferrules, two common cases are found: a) Physical contact (PC): This finish is typically used in a single or duplex fibre connector. The end face is polished to a spherical shape in
49、 order to obtain a perfect contact between the two fibre cores and to improve the transmission performance of the connector. A typical spherical radius is 5-30 mm. Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015) 5 b) Angled physical contact (APC): This finish is similar to the PC, but in this case the polished end surface of the ferrule is angled with
