1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T Series ETELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 9(12/2013) SERIES E: OVERALL NETWORK OPERATION, TELEPHONE SERVICE, SERVICE OPERATION AND HUMAN FACTORS Supplement 9 to ITU-T E.800-series Recommendations (Guidelines on regulatory aspects
2、of QoS) ITU-T E-series Recommendations Supplement 9 ITU-T E-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS OVERALL NETWORK OPERATION, TELEPHONE SERVICE, SERVICE OPERATION AND HUMAN FACTORS INTERNATIONAL OPERATION Definitions E.100E.103 General provisions concerning Administrations E.104E.119 General provisions concerning u
3、sers E.120E.139 Operation of international telephone services E.140E.159 Numbering plan of the international telephone service E.160E.169 International routing plan E.170E.179 Tones in national signalling systems E.180E.189 Numbering plan of the international telephone service E.190E.199 Maritime mo
4、bile service and public land mobile service E.200E.229 OPERATIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CHARGING AND ACCOUNTING IN THE INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE SERVICE Charging in the international telephone service E.230E.249 Measuring and recording call durations for accounting purposes E.260E.269 UTILIZATION OF
5、 THE INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE NETWORK FOR NON-TELEPHONY APPLICATIONS General E.300E.319 Phototelegraphy E.320E.329 ISDN PROVISIONS CONCERNING USERS E.330E.349 INTERNATIONAL ROUTING PLAN E.350E.399 NETWORK MANAGEMENT International service statistics E.400E.404 International network management E.405E.4
6、19 Checking the quality of the international telephone service E.420E.489 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Measurement and recording of traffic E.490E.505 Forecasting of traffic E.506E.509 Determination of the number of circuits in manual operation E.510E.519 Determination of the number of circuits in automatic
7、and semi-automatic operation E.520E.539 Grade of service E.540E.599 Definitions E.600E.649 Traffic engineering for IP-networks E.650E.699 ISDN traffic engineering E.700E.749 Mobile network traffic engineering E.750E.799 QUALITY OF TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES: CONCEPTS, MODELS, OBJECTIVES AND DEPENDAB
8、ILITY PLANNING Terms and definitions related to the quality of telecommunication services E.800E.809 Models for telecommunication services E.810E.844 Objectives for quality of service and related concepts of telecommunication services E.845E.859 Use of quality of service objectives for planning of t
9、elecommunication networks E.860E.879 Field data collection and evaluation on the performance of equipment, networks and services E.880E.899 OTHER E.900E.999 INTERNATIONAL OPERATION Numbering plan of the international telephone service E.1100E.1199 NETWORK MANAGEMENT International network management
10、E.4100E.4199 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. E series Supplement 9 (12/2013) i Supplement 9 to ITU-T E-series Recommendations Supplement 9 to ITU-T E.800-series Recommendations (Guidelines on regulatory aspects of QoS) Summary Supplement 9 to ITU-T E.800-serie
11、s Recommendations provides guidelines on regulatory aspects of quality of service (QoS) and it focuses on end-to-end QoS as perceived by the user when using modern mobile and broadband services. Network performance is outside the scope of this supplement. History Edition Recommendation Approval Stud
12、y Group Unique ID*1.0 ITU-T E-800 series Suppl. 9 2013-12-12 12 11.1002/1000/12112-en Keywords End-to-end, QoS. _ *To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/1
13、1.1002/1000/11830-en. ii E series Supplement 9 (12/2013) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) i
14、s a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years,
15、 establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessa
16、ry standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the pu
17、blication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are
18、used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectua
19、l Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of
20、 intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2014 All
21、rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. E series Supplement 9 (12/2013) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 References. 1 3 Overview of quality of service . 1 4 Global challenges 2 5 Selecting the approp
22、riate regulatory approach . 5 5.1 Options and principles 5 6 Fundamentals of quality of service regulation 6 6.1 Justifications for quality of service regulation . 7 6.2 Parameters and targets 9 6.3 Activities in quality of service regulation 10 7 Recommended approach . 11 7.1 Service level agreemen
23、ts 12 8 Specifying parameters, levels and measurement methods . 12 8.1 Parameters 12 8.2 Formulation of the target levels 13 8.3 Measurement methods 13 8.4 Reporting 14 Appendix I List of telecommunications regulatory bodies . 15 Bibliography. 21 E series Supplement 9 (12/2013) 1 Supplement 9 to ITU
24、T E-series Recommendations Supplement 9 to ITU-T E.800-series Recommendations (Guidelines on regulatory aspects of QoS) 1 Scope This supplement provides guidelines on regulatory aspects of Quality of Service (QoS). The intent here is to assist regulators or administrations who need to achieve desir
25、ed levels of QoS for one or more ICT services under their jurisdiction. This supplement focuses on end-to-end QoS as perceived by the user when using modern mobile and broadband services. Nevertheless, the guidance provided in this supplement can correspondingly be used for traditional wire-bound an
26、d legacy services. Network performance is outside the scope of this supplement. 2 References ITU-T E.800 Recommendation ITU-T E.800 (2008), Definitions of terms related to quality of service. ITU-T E.803 Recommendation ITU-T E.803 (2011), Quality of service parameters for supporting service aspects.
27、 ITU-T E.804 Recommendation ITU-T E.804 (2014), QoS Aspects for Popular Services in Mobile Networks. ITU-T P.10 Recommendation ITU-T P.10/G.100 (2006), Vocabulary for performance and quality of service. 3 Overview of quality of service Quality of service (QoS) is defined as the totality of character
28、istics of a telecommunication service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs of the user of the service (see ITU-T E.800); these characteristics can be measured by objective means (e.g., by a level meter or a delay counter). QoS is frequently confused with elements of network p
29、erformance (NP) because (signalling) functions inside the networks are sometimes referred to as “services“; IETF uses QoS to describe the performance of functional services in network layer models. In order to avoid that confusion, QoS is often more precisely expressed as “end-to-end QoS“. Another c
30、onfusion should be avoided when network counters and key performance indicators (KPIs) are brought into discussions about QoS. Network counters are vendor-specific NP parameters which cannot be standardized due to their proximity to specific implementations. A majority of standardized KPIs are descr
31、ibing NP parameters and only a very limited number of such KPIs are truly related to end-to-end QoS. Furthermore, the end-to-end QoS that is perceived at the user interface, which is basically summarizing the characteristics of the underlying in-service media streams, should not be mistaken for the
32、QoS of non-utilization stages of ICT services, which describe the (customer) “service“ surrounding ICT services offered by service providers that are outside the actual usage of services that are of interest and concern to the users, e.g., quality and content of information on a service and its feat
33、ures, the contractual conditions offered by the service provider, provisioning facilities, documentation, and service support after contract with customers (see ITU-T E.803 Quality of service parameters for supporting service aspects). 2 E series Supplement 9 (12/2013) Figure 1 Factors influencing c
34、ustomer satisfaction The (average) user perception of end-to-end QoS can be assessed by subjective testing, but this is very costly; therefore, objective methods have been developed that help to predict user perception of QoS by objective measurement tools. The most prominent example has been recent
35、ly standardized in b-ITU-T P.863 (Perceptual objective listening quality assessment) and is intended for QoS assessment of voice services; this is the successor of b-ITU-T P.862 (Perceptual evaluation of speech quality). Objective measurement methods for other services are available, e.g., in b-ITU-
36、T J.247 (for video). In addition, parametric models have been developed, which allow for the estimation of the end-to-end QoS perceived by the average user, e.g., the E-model of b-ITU-T G.107 (for a priori transmission planning) or the b-ITU-T P.12xx-series (parametric assessment of streaming media)
37、 Recommendations. The user perception of quality is, however, not limited to the objective characteristics at the man-machine interface, summarized in the QoS concept. What counts for end users is the quality that they personally experience during their use of a telecommunication service; Quality of
38、 Experience (QoE), therefore, takes into account additional subjective parameters stemming from user expectations and from the context, in which the user is embedded during the use of the service, typical examples of context-related influences being personal mood and environment. Also, QoE covers th
39、e potential discrepancy between the service offered and individual users reading additional features into the service. 4 Global challenges With the move from traditional networks, which were based on dedicated service-channels and/or separate networks for each service, towards integrated (transport)
40、 services on a single packet-based transport infrastructure, which delivers all (transport) services via a single network access point, an access network and a unified so-called backbone, pre-defined transmission planning of QoS has become a major challenge. In traditional networks, allocation of tr
41、ansmission impairments was based on a simple but effective concept: resources had been divided into the so-called international chain and both of the terminating national networks (including terminals) with heavy regulation in place, modern packet-based network quality parameter requirements are pre
42、tty much undefined and the impression is that the responsibility for end-to-end QoS has been lost; basically, in an IP environment, services must be considered as applications executed in the terminal devices; IP networks cannot provide for self standing end-to-end QoS, but only transport classes, w
43、hich enable QoS differentiation. The view on QoS related challenges depends strongly on the role of the stakeholders involved: Standards development organizations (SDOs) like the ITU-T or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) or the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have cu
44、stomer satisfactiontrends advertisingQoS(technical)QoS(non-technical)NetworkPerformanceTerminalPerformancePoint of SaleCustomerCaretariffs,costscustomer expectation of QoSE series Supplement 9 (12/2013) 3 the collective knowledge and expertise with respect to the QoS related problems inherited with
45、the change of paradigms in networks and terminals and also with the aspects of planning and possible regulation of end-to-end QoS. However, SDOs are contribution-driven, which means that if stakeholders decide to rely on industry standards instead of globally recognized standards, and if stakeholder
46、s wish to keep control of their intellectual property and furthermore wish to not invest resources in globally recognized standards, then there is not very much for SDOs to do except to try to convince industry leaders, for example, in dedicated events such as conferences. Network equipment manufact
47、urers basically have to rely on the QoS related performance requests (of network and system functions) from network operators and service providers. Ideally, network equipment manufacturers would participate in the QoS work of SDOs in order to standardize the QoS and performance requirements between
48、 several parties involved in the network business. Unfortunately, for many network equipment manufacturers there is no visible incentive in the short-term which would make them participate in the work of SDOs related to end-to-end QoS; the return of investment (RoI) from this kind of engagement cann
49、ot easily be seen. Terminal device manufacturers are confronted with a mass market today. In the past, terminal standards were for example targeting minimum attachment requirements, which were meant to not harm the network. Nowadays, there are terminal standards which target the possibility of provision of high-level end-to-end QoS to the customer. This is a challenge for terminal equipment manufacturers since the acceptance of terminals in the market is based on other factors (e.g.
