1、2010 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、填空题1 The terms such as “desk“ ,“chair“ and “bed“ are_of the term “furniture“.2 In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different_ and the two words are a_pair.3 The branch of grammar which studies the in
2、ternal structure of sentences is called4 When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is_function.二、判断题5 The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are always allophones of the same phoneme
3、.（A）True（B） False6 The soundsis shared by “use“ and “maps“ as a common morpheme.（A）True（B） False7 After comparing “It was in this house that they met for the first time. “ with “They met in this house for the first time. “ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interprete
4、d in terms of collocation.（A）True（B） False8 The distinction between “langue“ and “parole“ was proposed by Chomsky.（A）True（B） False9 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences “Jan lent some money to Jack“ and “Jack borrowed some money from Jan“ are synonymous.（A）True（B） False10
5、 All the words in a language can be used to refer to, but only some have senses.（A）True（B） False11 Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship. HI. Fulfill the following requirements.(13 points)（A）True（B） False三、单项选择题12 The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speaker
6、s of a language is called（A）grammar rules（B） competence（C） performance（D）language device13 The study of language at one point in time is a_study.（A）historical（B） synchronic（C） descriptive（D）diachronic14 Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is_ Analysis.（A）Internal Component（B） Inna
7、te Capacity（C） Internal Constituent（D）Immediate Constituent15 A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a_grammar.（A）systemic（B） generative（C） descriptive（D）functional四、简答题16 Clarify what “American histor
8、y teachers“ means by using IC Analysis.(2 points)17 Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.(2 points)1)the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications2)the issue in question18 Give the phonetic term according to the following description;(1 point)the sound made
9、with the front of the tongue and the hard palate19 Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair;(2 points)1)a. John studied in Tokyo.b. John studied in Japan. 2)a. Mary helped Jane.b. Jane was helped by Mary.20 Classify the following pairs of antonyms.(2 points)innocentguilty hospitableunfri
10、endly parentchild truefalse21 How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?22 How do you understand the Cooperative Principle postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims?23 How many syllables does the word “teacher“ have? What are they? How many morphemes does it have? What are the
11、y?24 How do you understand “duality“ , a design feature of language?25 How do you understand the performative function of language?2010 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 hyponyms【试题解析】 (考查下义词)2 【正确答案】 phonemes；minimal【试题解析】 (考查音位和最小对立体)3 【正确答案】 transformational-generative grammar【试题解析】 (考查转换
12、生成语法)4 【正确答案】 interpersonal【试题解析】 (考查语言的人际功能)二、判断题5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查音位、音位变体和互补性分布。在英语中有许多的音素(phone)，它们在不同的词中发音是不完全相同的，例如，sp=i：k和p hi：k 中p=p h就是不同的音素。像这样的音素有着相同的音位p，且永远不会同时存在，即存在于互补性分布之中，它们叫做音位变体。然而，并非所有处于互补分布中的音都是同一音位的变体，要将不同的音判属同一音位还有一些限制条件：它们必须语音相近，并且处于互补分布中。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语素和音位的关系。语素是最小的语言单位
13、，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。语素可以是单个词或者一个词的构成部分，但并不是一个语音，虽然发音相同，但是在单词“maps”中，-s为粘着语素，为表达复数的语素。而在单词 use 中， “s”根本不能单独代表什么，不能称之为语素。7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查句子转化过程中语义的变化。两个句子的语义之所以不同，在于两个句子的中心词(head)的不同，而不是搭配所引起的句子意义的不同。8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语言和言语的提出者。索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言和言语。9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查反义关系中的
14、反向反义关系。其中 borrow 和 lend 两个动词不构成肯定、否定的对立，而是表现两个实体间的一种反向关系。两个例句是从两个不同角度来看的同一种关系。10 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查词汇涵义和指称的不同。在某种程度上，我们可以说每个单词都有涵义(sense) ，不然我们没法使用或理解它们，但并不是每个单词都有指称，语法词如 but，if，and 等不指称任何事物，god，ghost，dragon 这样的词指的是想象中的事物，现实中并不存在。11 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查涵义关系。词的涵义可看作是它和其他词之间的涵义关系网络。我们把涵义界定为词语之间的语义关系；更概括地看
15、，是语言单位之间的语义关系。它体现的是语言内关系。三、单项选择题12 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语言运用的定义。乔姆斯基在句法理论的若干问题中讨论过语言能力和语言运用的基础性区别。一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解被称为他的语言能力，而语言应用是指在具体场景中语言的真实使用。13 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查共时研究的定义。共时的描写以一个固定时间为它的观察角度。历时语言学考查语言的变迁。14 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查直接成分分析法的全称。15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查生成语法的定义。四、简答题16 【正确答案】 It can be analyzed i
16、n two ways;(1)(American)(history)(teachers)It means teachers who teach American history.(2)(American)(history)(teachers) It means history teachers who are American.【试题解析】 (考查用直接成分分析法分析有歧义的词组，可以用括弧或者树形图表示)17 【正确答案】 a. the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications(endocentric)(名词短语)b. the issu
17、e in question(exocentric)(介词短语 )【试题解析】 考查向心结构和离心结构的实例分析。向心结构的分布和它的一个成分的分布相同或相近，这个成分是整体的核心或中心，一般来说，名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语属于向心结构；离心结构没有明显的核心或中心成分，一般包括基本句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。18 【正确答案】 the sound made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate: palatal【试题解析】 (考查辅音的描写。此处指硬腭音，产生于舌前和硬腭处)19 【正确答案】 1)a. John studi
18、ed in Tokyo. b. John studied in Japan.A entails b.2)a. Mary helped Jane. b. Jane was helped by Mary.A and b are synonymous.【试题解析】 考查句子之间的语义关系。句子之间有预设、蕴涵、同义等语义关系。预设是指说话者为保证句子或语段的合适性而必须满足的前提，A 预设 B，当且仅当：A 真 B 必真，A 假 B 亦真，B 真 A 可真可假；A 蕴涵 B，当且仅当：A真 B 必真， A 假 B 可真可假； A 与 B 同义时，AB 同真假。20 【正确答案】 Complement
19、ary antonym; innocentguilty; truefalseGradable antonym; hospitableunfriendly Converse antonym; parentchild【试题解析】 考查反义关系的具体分类。反义关系有三个主要次类：互补反义关系、等级反义关系和反向反义关系。21 【正确答案】 Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present, such as the
20、 relation between weather and the others in the following sentence; If the weather is nice, well go out. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungramrnatical or nonsensical at all. Syntagmatic rela
21、tions are also called horizontal relations or simply chain relations.(2 points)Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent, such as the relation between man, boy an
22、d girl in the sentence; The man/boy/girl smiles. This is what Saussure called associative relations or in Hjemslevs term, paradigmatic relations. To make it more understandable, they are called vertical relations or choice relations.(2 points)By the relation of co-occurrence one means that words of
23、different sets of clauses may permit, or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly to paradigmatic relations.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查组合关系与聚合关系。索绪尔提出了两种主要关
24、系类型：组合关系与聚合关系。前者指一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或者说是在现场的所有成分之间的关系。聚合关系，索绪尔原本将其叫做联想关系，是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系，或者说是在现场的成分与不在现场的成分之间的关系。现在，组合关系也叫做水平关系或链状关系；聚合关系也叫做垂直关系或选择关系。22 【正确答案】 Cooperative Principle refers to the “co-operation“ between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation. Our talks a
25、re characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or a set of purposes, or at least, a mutually accepted direction.(1 point)To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows;(1
26、)The maxim of quantity;a. Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange).b. Dont make your contribution more informative than is required.(1 point)(2)The maxim of quality; Try to make your contribution one that is true.a. Dont say what you believe to be fa
27、lse.b. Dont say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(1 point)(3)The maxim of relation; Be relevant.(1 point)(4)The maxim of manner; Be perspicuous.a. Avoid obscurity of expression.b. Avoid ambiguity.c. Be brief.d. Be orderly.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查合作原则及其准则。合作原则是指在会话中有某种规则存在。人们的交谈常常是合作举动，至少在某种程度上是；参
28、与者都在某种程度上承认其中有一个或者一组共同目标，至少有一个彼此都接受的方向。为了进一步具体说明CP，格赖斯引入了四条准则：数量准则；质量准则；关系准则；方式准则。23 【正确答案】 The word “teacher“ has two syllables. They areti:andt .(2 points)The word has two morphemes; the free morpheme “teach“ and the bound morpheme “-er“.(2 points)“Teach“ is the root of the word, and “-er“ is the
29、affix.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查对音节和语素的理解。单词“teacher”由两个音节组成，分别为ti：和t 。该单词由两个语素构成，分别为自由语素 teach，和粘着语素一er。其中 teach 为该单词的词根，一 er 为词缀。24 【正确答案】 Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the
30、 two levels has its own principles of organization.(2 points)To talk about duality we must notice that language is hierarchical. As Bolinger and Sears put it, “ Stratificationthis organization of levels on levelsis the physical manifestation of the infinite use of finite means , the trait that most
31、distinguishes human communication and that provides its tremendous resourcefulness. “(2 points)The advantage of duality lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查语言的二重性特征。二重性指语言拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层结构都有自身的组合规则。在语言的二重性中，我们必须注意语言的等级性。鲍林格和希尔斯指出，分层一级一级的组织是
32、有限的手段无限使用的物质表现，这是人类语言最显著的特征，并为之提供巨大的潜能。现在我们能够理解二重性的优势，它使语言拥有了一种强大的能产性。25 【正确答案】 The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, t
33、he cursing of enemies and so on. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.(3 points)The performative function can be extended to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions, for example, in China when someone breaks a
34、bowl or a plate, the host or the people present are likely to say “sui sui ping an“ as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语言的施为功能。施为的概念来自以奥斯汀(Austin)和塞尔(Searle)为代表的语言学家对语言的哲学研究，他们的理论现在成为语用学的支柱。施为功能主要是为了改变人的社会地位，如婚礼、判刑、为孩子祈福、下水仪式上对船的命名、诅咒敌人等行为。在这些言语行为中，语言通常是非正式的，甚至是仪式化的。
