1、2010 年南京大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释0 For the definition given in each item in questions 11 to 15, find a matching word in the specified paragraph. The number given after each definition indicates the paragraph in which the word appears.(1x5)1 pretension to knowledge not possessed(2)2 adjustment(3)3
2、 appearing periodically(4)4 display of narrow-minded learning(7)5 bodies invisible to the naked eye(13)二、阅读理解5 THE STUDY OF MAN Irving S. Lee1 The study of maneven, the scientific studyis ancient and respectable. It goes back to Aristotle, to Hippocrates, and beyond them to obscure beginnings. Today
3、, it is one of the chief studies of the learned. Like our other activities, it may be divided into two parts, the successful part and the unsuccessful part. Speaking very generally and with due regard to numerous and important exceptions, it may be said that the successful part of the scientific stu
4、dy of man is related to medicine, the unsuccessful part to philosophy and to the social sciences. These relations are not only historical, they are also to be seen in methods, attitudes, and traditions.2 The successes of medicine and the medical sciences have not been lightly won; from a multitude o
5、f failures, they are the survivals and the fortunate productions of tile best or the most-favored men among an endless succession of skillful physicians though pedantry, incompetency, and charlatanry have often hindered and, in evil times, even arrested the accumulations of medical science for long
6、periods, since Hippocrates, at least, the tradition of skillful practice has never been quite lost the tradition that combines theory and practice. This tradition is, especially in three elements, indispensable.3 Hippocrates teaches, first, hard, persistent, intelligent, responsible, unremitting lab
7、or in the sickroom, not in the library;the all-round adaptation of the doctor to his task, an adaptation that is far from being merely intellectual. This is adaptation chiefly through the establishment of conditioned reflexes. Something like it seems to be a necessary part of the mastery of any mate
8、rial or of effective work in any medium.4 Hippocrates teaches, secondly, accurate observation of things and events; selection, guided by judgment born of familiarity, of the salient and the recurrent phenomena; and their classification and methodical exploitation.5 Hippocrates teaches, thirdly, the
9、judicious construction of a theorynot a philosophical theory, nor a grand effort of the imagination, nor a quasireligious dogma, but a modest pedestrian affair, or perhaps I had better say, a useful walking stick to help on the way.6 All this may be summed up thus: The physician must have, first, in
10、timate habitual intuitive familiarity with things; secondly, a systematic knowledge of things; and thirdly, an effective way of thinking about things.7 Experience shows that this is the way to success. It has long been followed in studying sickness, but hardly at all in studying the other experience
11、s of daily life. Let us, therefore, consider more carefully what Hippocrates did and what he did not do. He was in reaction chiefly against three things: firstly, against the ancient, traditional myths and superstitions which still prevailed among the physicians of his day; secondly, against the rec
12、ent intrusion of philosophy into medical doctrine; thirdly, against the extravagant system of diagnoses of the Cnidian School, a body of contemporary physicians who seem to have suffered from a familiar form of professional pedantry. Here, Hippocrates was opposing the pretentious systematization of
13、knowledge that lacked solid, objective foundationthe concealment of ignorance, probably more or less unconsciously, with a show of knowledge. Note well that such concealment is rarely altogether dishonest and may be practised in thorough good faith.8 The social sciences today suffer from defects tha
14、t are not unlike the defects of medicine to which Hippocrates was opposed. Firstly, social and political myths are everywhere current, and if they involve forms of superstition that are less apparent to us than the medical superstitions of long ago, that may well be because we recognize the latter c
15、lass of superstitions for what they are while still accepting or half accepting the former class. Secondly, there is at least as much philosophy mingled with our current social science as there was at any time in the medical doctrines of the Greeks. Thirdly, a great part of the social science of tod
16、ay consists of elaborate speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact.9 Hippocrates endeavored to avoid myths and traditional rules, the grand search for philosophical truth, the authority of philosophical beliefs, the concealment of ignorance with a show of systematic knowledge. He was concern
17、ed, first of all not to conceal his own ignorance from himself.10 Experience shows that there are two kinds of human behavior which it is ordinarily convenient and often essential to distinguish.11 One is the thinking, talking, and writing, by those who are so familiar with relevant concrete experie
18、nces that they cannot ordinarily forget the facts, about two kinds of subjects. These are;firstly, concrete observationsobservations and experiences which are representable by means of sharply defined or otherwise unambiguous words; and secondly, more general considerations, dearly and logically rel
19、ated to such concrete observations and experiences.12 The other kind of behavior is thinking, talking, and writing about vague or general ideas or “concepts“ which do not clearly relate to concrete observations and experiences and which are not designated by sharply defined words.13 In the social sc
20、iences, special methods and special skills are few. It is hard to think of anything that corresponds to a mathematicians skill in performing mathematical operations or to a bacteriologists skill in cultivating microorganisms or to a clinicians skill in making physical examinations.14 Classificatory,
21、 descriptive knowledge, which is so conspicuous in the medical sciences and in natural history and which has proved so essential to the development of such sciences, is relatively lacking in the social sciences. Moreover, there is no common accord among social scientists concerning the classes and s
22、ubclasses of the things they study, and there is even much disagreement about nomenclature.15 The theories of the social sciences seem to be in a curious state. One body of theory, that of economies is highly developed, has been cast in mathematical form, and has reached a stage that is thought to b
23、e in some respects definitive. This theory, like those of the natural sciences, is the result of the concerted efforts of a great number of investigators and has evolved in a manner altogether similar to the evolution of certain theories in the natural sciences. But it is hardly applicable to concre
24、te reality.16 The reasons why economic theory is so difficult to apply to concrete events are that it is an abstraction from an immensely complex reality and that reasoning from theory to practice is here, nearly always vitiated by “the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. “ Such application suggests
25、the analogy of applying Galileos law of falling bodies to the motion of a falling leaf in a stiff breeze. Experience teaches that under such circumstances it is altogether unsafe to take more than a single step in deductive reasoning without verifying the conclusions by observation or experiment. Ne
26、vertheless, many economists, some cautiously and others less cautiously are in the habit of expressing opinions deduced from theoretical considerations concerning economic practice. There is here a striking contrast with medicine, where it is almost unknown for a theorist inexperienced in practice t
27、o prescribe the treatment of a patient.17 In other fields of social science, theories are generally not held in common by all investigators, but, as in philosophical systems, tend to be sectarian beliefs. This is true even in psychology where the conflicts of physiological psychologists, behaviorist
28、s. Gestaltists, and others sometimes almost suggest theological controversy.18 On the whole, it seems fair to say that the social sciences in general are not cultivated by persons possessing intuitive familiarity; highly developed, systematic, descriptive knowledge; and the kind of theories that are
29、 to be found in the natural sciences.19 There is not a little system-building in the social sciences but, with the striking exception of economic theory, it is of the philosophical type rather than of the scientific type, being chiefly concerned in its structural elements with words rather than with
30、 things, or in old fashioned parlance, with noumena, rather than with phenomena.20 A further difference between most system-building in the social sciences and systems of thought and classification of the natural sciences is to be seen in their evolution. In the natural sciences, both theories and d
31、escriptive systems grow by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientists. In the social sciences, systems often issue fully formed from the mind of one man. Then they may be much discussed if they attract attention, but progressive adaptive modification as a result of the c
32、oncerted efforts of great numbers of men is rare. Such systems are in no proper sense working hypotheses; they are “rationalizations“ , or, at best mixtures of working hypotheses and “rationalizations“.21 Thinking in the social sciences suffers, I believe, chiefly from two defects:One is the fallacy
33、 of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentimentsof Bacons Idolsinto the thinking, which may be fairly regarded as an occupational hazard of the social scientists.22 Sentiments have no place in clear thinking, but the manifestations of sentiments are among the most important things
34、with which the social sciences are concerned. For example, the word “justice“ is out of place in pleading before the Supreme Curt of the United States, but the sentiments associated with that word and often expressed by it are probably quite as important as the laws of our country, not to mention th
35、e procedure of the Supreme Court. Indeed such sentiments seem to be in many ways and at many times the most important of all social forces.23 The acquired characters of men may be divided into two classes. One kind involves much use of reason, logic, the intellect; for example, the ordinary studies
36、of school and university. The other kind involves little intellectual activity and arises chiefly from conditioning from rituals and from routines; for example, skills, attitudes, and acquired sentiments. In modified form, men share such acquired characters with dogs and other animals. When not misi
37、nterpreted, they have been almost completely neglected by intellectuals and are frequently overlooked by social scientists. Their study seems to present an opportunity for the application of physiology.24 The conclusions of this comparative study are as follows: Firstly, a combination of intimate, h
38、abitual, intuitive familiarity with things; systematic knowledge of things; and an effective way of thinking about things is common among medical scientists, rare among social scientists. Secondly, systems in the medical sciences and systems in the social sciences are commonly different. The former
39、resemble systems in the other natural sciences, the latter resemble philosophical systems. Thirdly, many of the terms employed currently in the social sciences are of a kind that is excluded, except by inadvertence, from the medical sciences. Fourthly, sentiments to not ordinarily intrude in the thi
40、nking of medical scientists; they do ordinarily intrude in the thinking of social scientists. Fifthly, the medical sciences have made some progress in the objective study of the manifestations of sentiments; the social sciences, where these things are particularly important, have neglected them. Thi
41、s is probably due to the influence of the intellectual tradition “ Sixthly“ in the medical sciences, special methods and special skills are many; in the social sciences, few. Finally, in the medical sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generali
42、zations of all kinds are constantly being corrected, modified, and adapted to the phenomena; and fallacies of misplaced concreteness, eliminated. In the social sciences, there is little of this adaptation and correction through continuous observation and experiment.25 These are very general conclusi
43、ons to which, as I have already said, there are numerous and important exceptions. Perhaps the most important exceptions may be observed in the work of many historians, of purely descriptive writers, and of those theoretical economists who scrupulously abstain from the application of theory to pract
44、ice.6 Hippocrates was chiefly concerned with _.（A）not concealing his own ignorance from himself（B） combining philosophy with medical doctrine（C） the system of diagnosis of the Cnidian school（D）pretentious systematization of knowledge（E）incorporating tradition with systematic knowledge7 Most social s
45、cience systems are, at best, _.（A）mixtures of working hypotheses and rationalizations（B） results of concerted efforts of men at adaptive modification（C） adaptations of experience and increasing knowledge to experiments（D）highly developed systems of knowledge（E）studies of the structural elements of t
46、hings8 One branch of the social sciences considered in some respects definitive is_.（A）history（B） philosophy（C） sociology（D）politics（E）economics9 The social sciences today suffer from defects similar to the defects of medicine in Hippocrates day, as evidenced by all but one of these statements. Whic
47、h one?（A）Forms of superstition are less apparent today because we half accent them.（B） The concealment of ignorance is as thoroughly dishonest today as it was before.（C） Elaborate speculation is based on poor foundation of fact.（D）Much philosophy is mingled with current social science.（E）Social and
48、political myths are everywhere current.10 The tradition of skillful medical practice since Hippocrates time combines theory and practice. Which description inaccurately represents this tradition?（A）Hard, persistent, intelligent, unremitting labor in the sickroom.（B） Evidence of accurate observation,
49、 selection, classification, and methodical exploitation of phenomena.（C） Judicious construction of a modest workable theory.（D）Hard, responsible, intelligent, unremitting labor in the library.（E）All-round adaptation of the doctor to his task as a type of master workman.11 The author firmly believes the scientific_study of men .（A）comparative religion（B） natural philosophy（C） social science（D）medical science（E）theoretical economics12 Which of the following is NOT a conclusion of the author based on his comparative study?（A）Effective thinking is rar
