1、2010 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、匹配题0 Match the terms with their definitions.(10 points)a. elements that can not occur unattachedb. phonetic symbols of soundsc. sound representation with letter-symbols and diacriticsd. words of the same form but different meaningse. words grouped together sharing si
2、milar featuresf. more specific wordsg. approach that aims at laying down rules1 prescriptive study of language2 narrow transcription3 bound morphemes4 syntactic categories5 hyponyms二、名词解释6 Give short definition to the following terms in English with an example.(20 points)illocutionary act7 clipped w
3、ords8 register9 denotative meanings10 logical problems of language acquisition11 interlanguage12 lexical decision13 metacognitive strategy14 aphasia15 linguistic imperialism三、简答题16 Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understan
4、ding.(20 points)How does language relate to society and how does the relation affect language learning and teaching?2010 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、匹配题1 【正确答案】 g【试题解析】 规定式语言学：approach that aims at laying down rules2 【正确答案】 c【试题解析】 严式标音：sound representation with lettersymbols and diacritics3 【正确答案】 a
5、【试题解析】 粘着语素：elements that can not occur unattached4 【正确答案】 e【试题解析】 句法范畴：words grouped together sharing similar features5 【正确答案】 f【试题解析】 下义词：more specific words二、名词解释6 【正确答案】 An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. For example
6、, when a person says “ You have left the door open“ , the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.【试题解析】 (考查行事行为)7 【正确答案】 Clipped words are words formed by dropping one or more syllables from a longer word or phr
7、ase with no change in meaning. Examples are ad(advertisement), doc(doctor), exam(examination), gas(gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium). 【试题解析】 (考查截断词)8 【正确答案】 A speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation(e. g. doctors, lawyers)or the same interests(e.g
8、. stamp collectors, baseball fans). A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way(e. g. in tennis; deuce, love, tramlines), and sometimes by special grammatical constructions(e. g. legal la
9、nguage).【试题解析】 (考查语域)9 【正确答案】 Denotative meanings, also called “denotation“ , contrary to connotation, refer to the literal meaning of a word, the “dictionary definition“. For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is “ any of nu
10、merous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions“.【试题解析】 (考查符号语言学中的概念意义或者外延意义)10 【正确答案】 It refers to the disparity between the primary linguist input, i. e. the utterances a child is exposed to, and the abst
11、ract and complex knowledge that the child acquires. In other words, the language input underdetermines the output(the grammar). This is called the logical problems of language acquisition.【试题解析】 (考查普遍语法中的语言习得的逻辑问题)11 【正确答案】 Interlanguage is the learners independent system of the second language whic
12、h is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. For example, a learner in the early stages may use nothing but the present tense.【试题解析】 (考查中介语)12 【正确答案】 Lexical decision is a procedure used in many psychol
13、ogy and psycholinguistics experiments. In this procedure, participants have to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a presented letter string is a word(e. g. CHAIR)or a nonword(e. g. GREACH).【试题解析】 (考查词汇判断)13 【正确答案】 Metacognitive strategies are actions which go beyond purely cognitiv
14、e devices, and which provide a way for learners to coordinate their own learning process. Metacognitive strategies allow learners to control their own cognitive process, that is to say, to coordinate the learning process by using functions such as centering, arranging, planning, and evaluating. For
15、example the self-questioning, “ What do I already know about this topic?“ , “How have I solved problems like this before?“【试题解析】 (考查元认知策略)14 【正确答案】 It refers to the loss or impairment of speech resulting from brain disease or physical damage to the brain. The term is used generally for both partial
16、and complete loss. This may include difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language. It may be caused by the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.【试题解析】 (考查失语症)15 【正确答案】 Linguistic imperialism, or language imperialism involves the transfer of a dominant langu
17、age to other peoples. The transfer is essentially a demonstration of powertraditionally, military power but also, in the modern world, economic powerand aspects of the dominant culture are usually transferred along with the language. For example, the dominance of English is asserted and maintained b
18、y the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages.【试题解析】 (考查语言帝国主义)三、简答题16 【正确答案】 Social changes produce changes in language. Once society starts changing, then language change produces special effects.(1 point)There are sev
19、eral possible relationships between language and society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior. Studies show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly e
20、ven their gender; and other studies show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.(3 points)A second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first; Linguistic structure and/or behavior may e
21、ither influence or determine social structure. This is the claims of Bernstein and many of those who argue that languages rather than speakers of these languages can be “sexist“.(3 points)A third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; Language and society may influence each o
22、ther. One variant of this approach is that this influence is dialectical in nature. Speech behavior and social behavior are in a state of constant interaction and material living conditions are an important factor in the relationship.(3 points)Sociolinguistic competence enables the individual to cop
23、e with language situations in everyday life. It refers to the knowledge of stylistic differences usually called register variation.(1 point)The language development at school involves not only the elaboration of a grammatical system, but also the ability to use language as an instrument for learning
24、, and the ability to use language appropriately in varying context. This is important for defining the objectives of language teaching and learning.(3 points)The second generalization is the importance of social interaction in language teaching. The learning environments in which children are embedd
25、ed form an essential part of what is going on when language is taught.(3 points)The third generalization concerns the diversity of language behavior in the classroom. Sociolinguistic factors such as gender, class, and ethnicity play a significant role in the language-learning processes of children a
26、t school. Interactional sociolinguistics in modern education settings provides a perspective which makes possible the exploration of the relationship of different discursive practices of language varieties.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查语言与社会的关系。语言来源于社会，它担负着人类思维、社会交流等重任，社会又通过各种方式扩展语言，使其内涵更为丰富，我们可以从他们的相互作用来看他们的相互关系。在语言与社会的相互关系这个问题上，首先值得注意的是，社会的变动往往要引起语言和社会之间的矛盾。这一矛盾，是语言发展变化的催化剂，是新词语得以产生的一个基础。本题还考查语言与社会之间的关系对于语言学习和教学的影响。社会与语言之间的相互作用要求在外语教学过程中不仅要看到所教授的语言本身，而且要看到与语言相关的社会因素：语言的社会文化背景、民族特点、地域特点，交际者的社会、职业、年龄、性别特点，交际者之间的角色关系，所要完成的交际任务等；通过把语言与这些因素相联系来确定教学目标，如提高学生的外语交际能力，设计教学程序、确定教学方法、完成外语教学任务。
